{"id":20276,"date":"2020-01-01T00:01:17","date_gmt":"2020-01-01T03:01:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/?p=20276"},"modified":"2019-12-27T17:07:03","modified_gmt":"2019-12-27T20:07:03","slug":"ipk-prototipo-internacional-do-quilograma-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/2020\/01\/01\/ipk-prototipo-internacional-do-quilograma-2\/","title":{"rendered":"IPK \u2014 International Prototype of the Kilogram"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
<\/figure>
\n

Esta pe\u00e7a \u00e9 uma r\u00e9plica em tamanho real do Pro\u00adt\u00f3\u00adtipo Inter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnal do Qui\u00adlo\u00adgrama (IPK) uti\u00adli\u00adzado entre 1889 e 2019, objeto extre\u00adma\u00admente impor\u00adtante para a his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adria da huma\u00adni\u00addade. Esta r\u00e9plica de a\u00e7o inox \u00e9 mais leve que os pro\u00adt\u00f3\u00adti\u00adpos ori\u00adgi\u00adnais, que eram feitos com uma liga de platina com 10% de ir\u00eddio, e n\u00e3o serve para a cali\u00adbra\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o de massa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Esta pe\u00e7a foi recen\u00adte\u00admente doada ao Ins\u00adti\u00adtuto de F\u00edsica da UFRGS pelo prof. Jo\u00e3o Alziro Herz da Jornada, que foi aluno de gra\u00addu\u00ada\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o, mes\u00adtrado, dou\u00adto\u00adrado e pro\u00adfes\u00adsor titular do IF. Al\u00e9m disso, foi pre\u00adsi\u00addente do INMETRO (Ins\u00adti\u00adtuto Naci\u00ado\u00adnal de Metro\u00adlo\u00adgia, Qua\u00adli\u00addade e Tec\u00adno\u00adlo\u00adgia) entre 2004 e 2015. Abaixo repro\u00addu\u00adzi\u00admos o texto enviado pelo pro\u00adfes\u00adsor para expo\u00adsi\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o junto ao objeto.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

R\u00e9plica do padr\u00e3o internacional do quilograma (IPK), usado at\u00e9 20 de maio de 2019<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

No final do s\u00e9culo 18 \u2012 com a expan\u00ads\u00e3o do com\u00e9r\u00adcio entre na\u00e7\u00f5es, o sur\u00adgi\u00admento da ind\u00fas\u00adtria e impor\u00adtan\u00adtes avan\u00e7os em C&T \u2012, emergia neces\u00adsi\u00addade de um sistema de uni\u00adda\u00addes de medida e padr\u00f5es metro\u00adl\u00f3\u00adgi\u00adcos mais sofis\u00adti\u00adcado, aces\u00ads\u00ed\u00advel e ampla\u00admente aceito. Em 1795, o governo repu\u00adbli\u00adcano franc\u00eas ins\u00adti\u00adtuiu o sistema m\u00e9trico decimal para \u2018pesos e medidas\u2019, defi\u00adnindo as uni\u00adda\u00addes a partir de atri\u00adbu\u00adtos uni\u00adver\u00adsais e perenes da natu\u00adreza, dentro do esp\u00ed\u00adrito ilu\u00admi\u00adnista da Revo\u00adlu\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o Fran\u00adcesa. O metro, medida de com\u00adpri\u00admento, foi defi\u00adnido como a d\u00e9cima mili\u00ado\u00adn\u00e9\u00adsima parte da dis\u00adt\u00e2n\u00adcia entre o polo norte e o equador; o grama (massa) era a massa contida em um cen\u00adt\u00ed\u00adme\u00adtro c\u00fabico de \u00e1gua.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A mesma lei deter\u00admi\u00adnava que o metro fosse \u2018repre\u00adsen\u00adtado\u2019 por uma barra de platina, a qual seria, ent\u00e3o, usada como \u2018padr\u00e3o pri\u00adm\u00e1\u00adrio\u2019 na dis\u00adse\u00admi\u00adna\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o, no pa\u00eds, dessa unidade. O mesmo deveria ser feito para o qui\u00adlo\u00adgrama (1.000 gramas, que passou ent\u00e3o a ser o padr\u00e3o).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00e9cadas mais tarde, a neces\u00adsi\u00addade de har\u00admo\u00adni\u00adza\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o inter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnal para \u2018pesos e medidas\u2019 levou \u00e0 grande arti\u00adcu\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o entre pa\u00edses. A Con\u00adven\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o do Metro, tratado inter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnal for\u00adma\u00adli\u00adzado em 20 de maio de 1875, foi assi\u00adnado por 17 na\u00e7\u00f5es \u2012 Brasil, inclu\u00adsive. Por raz\u00f5es pr\u00e1\u00adti\u00adcas, decidiu-se que as uni\u00adda\u00addes do metro e qui\u00adlo\u00adgrama seriam defi\u00adni\u00addas por padr\u00f5es feitos de metal est\u00e1vel e resis\u00adtente (espe\u00adci\u00adfi\u00adca\u00admente uma liga de platina com 10% de ir\u00eddio), base\u00adando-se nos padr\u00f5es fran\u00adce\u00adses para o metro e quilograma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A con\u00adven\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o criou o Bir\u00f4 Inter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnal de Pesos e Medidas (BIPM), que iria cus\u00adto\u00addiar esses padr\u00f5es e coor\u00adde\u00adnar a dis\u00adse\u00admi\u00adna\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o dessas uni\u00adda\u00addes aos sig\u00adna\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrios do acordo. Tamb\u00e9m foi criada a Con\u00adfe\u00adr\u00ean\u00adcia Geral de Pesos e Medidas (CGPM), sistema de reu\u00adni\u00f5es de acom\u00adpa\u00adnha\u00admento e deci\u00ads\u00f5es pol\u00ed\u00adti\u00adcas dos pa\u00edses membros, e o Comit\u00ea Inter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnal de Pesos e Medidas (CIPM), \u00f3rg\u00e3o t\u00e9cnico-cien\u00adt\u00ed\u00adfico de asses\u00adso\u00adra\u00admento e gest\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/figure>
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Em 1889, ficaram prontas dezenas de arte\u00adfato pra\u00adti\u00adca\u00admente id\u00ean\u00adti\u00adcos da liga Pt10%Ir que seriam usados como padr\u00f5es de \u2018pesos e medidas\u2019- Barras para o metro e cilin\u00addros para o qui\u00adlo\u00adgrama. Uma barra foi esco\u00adlhida como padr\u00e3o inter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnal para o metro, e um dos cilin\u00addros (conhe\u00adcido como IPK), como padr\u00e3o inter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnal do qui\u00adlo\u00adgrama (con\u00adforme mos\u00adtrado na figura ao lado). O res\u00adtante, ou foi dis\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00eddo entre pa\u00edses, ou ficou no BIPM. O arte\u00adfato mos\u00adtrado aqui \u00e9 uma r\u00e9plica dos padr\u00f5es de qui\u00adlo\u00adgrama que foram dis\u00adtri\u00adbu\u00ed\u00addos entre pa\u00edses membros da Con\u00adven\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o do Metro. Esta r\u00e9plica tem o mesmo formato e dimen\u00ads\u00f5es do IPK e dos \u2018padr\u00f5es naci\u00ado\u00adnais\u2019, contudo sua massa \u00e9 bem menor, por ser feito de a\u00e7o inox ao inv\u00e9s da liga Pt-10%Ir, a qual tem den\u00adsi\u00addade muito maior. Durante cem anos, o qui\u00adlo\u00adgrama foi defi\u00adnido como a massa do IPK, mantido num cofre nas ins\u00adta\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es do BIPM, em S\u00e8vres, nos arre\u00addo\u00adres de Paris, e usado de tempos em tempos para cali\u00adbrar outros padr\u00f5es, espe\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente os \u2018padr\u00f5es naci\u00ado\u00adnais\u2019. Por\u00adtanto, durante esse tempo todas as medidas de massa, assim como de algumas outras gran\u00adde\u00adzas, como cor\u00adrente el\u00e9\u00adtrica, eram ulti\u00adma\u00admente refe\u00adri\u00addas ao IPK. Esta situ\u00ada\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o mudou a partir de 20 de maio de 2019. Por decis\u00e3o da 26\u00aa reuni\u00e3o da CGPM, em 20 de mar\u00e7o de 2019 entrou em vigor uma com\u00adpleta revis\u00e3o do SI, incluindo a nova defi\u00adni\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o do qui\u00adlo\u00adgrama, baseada em pro\u00adpri\u00ade\u00adda\u00addes fun\u00adda\u00admen\u00adtais da natu\u00adreza, espe\u00adci\u00adal\u00admente a cons\u00adtante de Planck. Essa nova defi\u00adni\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o j\u00e1 per\u00admi\u00adtiu mate\u00adri\u00ada\u00adli\u00adzar o qui\u00adlo\u00adgrama por dois m\u00e9todos dife\u00adren\u00adtes \u2012 e com incer\u00adte\u00adzas bem menores que a dis\u00adper\u00ads\u00e3o de valores obser\u00advada nos padr\u00f5es em platina-ir\u00eddio id\u00ean\u00adti\u00adcos ao IPK. <\/strong>Agora o SI est\u00e1 total\u00admente inde\u00adpen\u00addente de artefatos! <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

A nova defi\u00adni\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o do qui\u00adlo\u00adgrama \u00e9: \u201cO qui\u00adlo\u00adgrama, s\u00edmbolo kg, \u00e9 a unidade de massa do SI. Ele \u00e9 defi\u00adnido tomando-se o valor num\u00e9\u00adrico da cons\u00adtante de Planck, h, como sendo 6,62607015\u00d710\u221234<\/sup> quando expressa na unidade J\u22c5s [joule segundo], a qual \u00e9 igual a kg\u22c5m2<\/sup>\/s\u201d<\/em><\/strong>. Note-se que para a defi\u00adni\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o do qui\u00adlo\u00adgrama s\u00e3o neces\u00ads\u00e1\u00adrias as defi\u00adni\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de duas outras uni\u00adda\u00addes, o metro e o segundo, ambas defi\u00adni\u00addas em termos de outras cons\u00adtan\u00adtes (a velo\u00adci\u00addade da luz no v\u00e1cuo e a frequ\u00ean\u00adcia de tran\u00adsi\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o hiper\u00adfina do estado fun\u00adda\u00admen\u00adtal n\u00e3o per\u00adtur\u00adbado do C\u00e9sio 133) dentro do SI.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prof. Jo\u00e3o Alziro Herz da Jornada \/ Dezem\u00adbro 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n

+ infor\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Esta pe\u00e7a \u00e9 uma r\u00e9plica em tamanho real do Pro\u00adt\u00f3\u00adtipo Inter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnal do Qui\u00adlo\u00adgrama (IPK) uti\u00adli\u00adzado entre 1889 e 2019, objeto extre\u00adma\u00admente impor\u00adtante para a his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adria da huma\u00adni\u00addade. Esta r\u00e9plica de a\u00e7o inox \u00e9 mais leve que os pro\u00adt\u00f3\u00adti\u00adpos ori\u00adgi\u00adnais, que eram feitos com uma liga de platina com 10% de ir\u00eddio, e n\u00e3o serve para [\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[481],"tags":[501],"class_list":["post-20276","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-highlights","tag-metrology"],"yoast_head":"\nIPK - International Prototype of the Kilogram - Museu dos Laborat\u00f3rios de Ensino de F\u00edsica - Em Transi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/2020\/01\/01\/ipk-prototipo-internacional-do-quilograma-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"IPK - International Prototype of the Kilogram - Museu dos Laborat\u00f3rios de Ensino de F\u00edsica - Em Transi\u00e7\u00e3o\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Esta pe\u00e7a \u00e9 uma r\u00e9plica em tamanho real do Pro\u00adt\u00f3\u00adtipo Inter\u00adna\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnal do Qui\u00adlo\u00adgrama (IPK) uti\u00adli\u00adzado entre 1889 e 2019, objeto extre\u00adma\u00admente impor\u00adtante para a his\u00adt\u00f3\u00adria da huma\u00adni\u00addade. Esta r\u00e9plica de a\u00e7o inox \u00e9 mais leve que os pro\u00adt\u00f3\u00adti\u00adpos ori\u00adgi\u00adnais, que eram feitos com uma liga de platina com 10% de ir\u00eddio, e n\u00e3o serve para […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/2020\/01\/01\/ipk-prototipo-internacional-do-quilograma-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Museu dos Laborat\u00f3rios de Ensino de F\u00edsica - Em Transi\u00e7\u00e3o\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/AMLEF.IF.UFRGS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2020-01-01T03:01:17+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/AMLEF325-1-768x1024.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Gabriel Cury Perrone\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Escrito por\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Gabriel Cury Perrone\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Est. tempo de leitura\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"4 minutos\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/2020\/01\/01\/ipk-prototipo-internacional-do-quilograma-2\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/2020\/01\/01\/ipk-prototipo-internacional-do-quilograma-2\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Gabriel Cury Perrone\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/#\/schema\/person\/d37d45b75942c3447facb58bbabe8a30\"},\"headline\":\"IPK \u2014 International Prototype of the Kilogram\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-01-01T03:01:17+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/2020\/01\/01\/ipk-prototipo-internacional-do-quilograma-2\/\"},\"wordCount\":904,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/2020\/01\/01\/ipk-prototipo-internacional-do-quilograma-2\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/AMLEF325-1-768x1024.jpg\",\"keywords\":[\"Metrology\"],\"articleSection\":[\"Highlights\"],\"inLanguage\":\"pt-BR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/2020\/01\/01\/ipk-prototipo-internacional-do-quilograma-2\/#respond\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/2020\/01\/01\/ipk-prototipo-internacional-do-quilograma-2\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/2020\/01\/01\/ipk-prototipo-internacional-do-quilograma-2\/\",\"name\":\"IPK - 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