{"id":42674,"date":"2021-12-21T16:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-12-21T19:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/?p=42674"},"modified":"2021-12-21T15:07:15","modified_gmt":"2021-12-21T18:07:15","slug":"capitulo-13-sera-que-estamos-sozinhos-parte-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/2021\/12\/21\/capitulo-13-sera-que-estamos-sozinhos-parte-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Cap\u00edtulo 13: Ser\u00e1 que estamos sozinhos? (Parte 2)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Agora que temos pelo menos uma no\u00e7\u00e3o dos seres vivos que estamos pro\u00adcu\u00adrando, daremos con\u00adti\u00adnui\u00addade \u00e0 busca por vida fora Terra. Para isso, \u00e9 impor\u00adtante enten\u00adder\u00admos onde procurar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Onde podemos viver?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Formation of Planets in a Protoplanetary Disk\" width=\"1400\" height=\"788\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/UNPj7e6XJCQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><figcaption><strong>Figura 1: <\/strong>Simu\u00adla\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o art\u00eds\u00adtica da for\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o de um sistema pla\u00adne\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrio. Fonte: NASA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At\u00e9 hoje (21 de dezem\u00adbro de 2021), foram detec\u00adta\u00addos 4883 exo\u00adpla\u00adne\u00adtas em 3659 sis\u00adte\u00admas este\u00adla\u00adres [<a href=\"https:\/\/exoplanets.nasa.gov\/discovery\/exoplanet-catalog\/\">2<\/a>]. Sim, \u00e9 planeta pra ded\u00e9u! E por onde come\u00e7ar a pro\u00adcu\u00adrar? Agora que j\u00e1 conhe\u00adce\u00admos as prin\u00adci\u00adpais carac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adti\u00adcas dos seres vivos que pro\u00adcu\u00adra\u00admos, fica um pouco mais f\u00e1cil definir os cri\u00adt\u00e9\u00adrios e filtrar a busca para somente os pla\u00adne\u00adtas capazes de sus\u00adten\u00adtar a&nbsp;vida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Pri\u00admei\u00adra\u00admente, exo\u00adpla\u00adne\u00adtas s\u00e3o pla\u00adne\u00adtas de fora do nosso Sistema Solar, podendo orbitar uma estrela ou vagar erra\u00adti\u00adca\u00admente pelo espa\u00e7o. Suas carac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adti\u00adcas como com\u00adpo\u00adsi\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o, tamanho, forma, \u00f3rbita, tem\u00adpe\u00adra\u00adtura, campo mag\u00adn\u00e9\u00adtico, eixo de rota\u00e7\u00e3o, etc, variam com as con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es em que foram for\u00adma\u00addos e a regi\u00e3o que est\u00e3o no espa\u00e7o. Tamb\u00e9m vale notar que, al\u00e9m de pla\u00adne\u00adtas, sat\u00e9\u00adli\u00adtes natu\u00adrais possuem grande pro\u00adba\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade de sus\u00adten\u00adtar vida, como \u00e9 o caso de algumas luas dos pla\u00adne\u00adtas J\u00fapiter e Saturno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">ATEN\u00c7\u00c3O! Nunca \u00e9 demais res\u00adsal\u00adtar que as con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es que con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adra\u00admos para que um planeta seja habi\u00adt\u00e1\u00advel s\u00e3o base\u00ada\u00addas nas formas de vida que conhe\u00adce\u00admos aqui na Terra. Ent\u00e3o \u00e9 pos\u00ads\u00ed\u00advel que este\u00adja\u00admos des\u00adcar\u00adtando pla\u00adne\u00adtas habi\u00adt\u00e1\u00adveis sem saber\u00admos! Dito isso, que con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es s\u00e3o essas? As tr\u00eas prin\u00adci\u00adpais carac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adti\u00adcas para um exo\u00adpla\u00adneta&nbsp;s\u00e3o:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>possuir grandes exten\u00ads\u00f5es de \u00e1gua l\u00edquida<\/li><li>con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es favo\u00adr\u00e1\u00adveis para a for\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o de mol\u00e9\u00adcu\u00adlas org\u00e2\u00adni\u00adcas complexas<\/li><li>fontes de energia para prover metabolismos<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"300\" height=\"183\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Habitable-300x183.png\" alt class=\"wp-image-42983\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Habitable-300x183.png 300w, https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Habitable-205x125.png 205w, https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Habitable.png 491w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\"><figcaption><strong>Figura 2:<\/strong> Zona de habi\u00adta\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade em estre\u00adlas com dife\u00adren\u00adtes massas. Fonte: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.if.ufrgs.br\/fis02001\/aulas\/vida_ET\/vet.htm\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"http:\/\/www.if.ufrgs.br\/fis02001\/aulas\/vida_ET\/vet.htm\">if.ufrgs<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Entre\u00adtanto, tais carac\u00adte\u00adr\u00eds\u00adti\u00adcas do exo\u00adpla\u00adneta depen\u00addem da sua loca\u00adli\u00adza\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o no espa\u00e7o e da estrela que ele orbita. Assim, deter\u00admi\u00adnou-se a zona de habi\u00adta\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade (Figura 2) como a regi\u00e3o do sistema pla\u00adne\u00adt\u00e1\u00adrio com tem\u00adpe\u00adra\u00adtu\u00adras mais amenas, per\u00admi\u00adtindo a exis\u00adt\u00ean\u00adcia de \u00e1gua l\u00edquida e uma <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/glossario\/atmosfera\/\" target=\"_blank\">atmos\u00adfera<\/a>. Isso porque ela \u00e9 longe o sufi\u00adci\u00adente para os ventos solares n\u00e3o expe\u00adli\u00adrem os ele\u00admen\u00adtos qu\u00ed\u00admi\u00adcos para \u00f3rbitas mais dis\u00adtan\u00adtes (como \u00e9 o caso de mer\u00adc\u00fa\u00adrio), por\u00e9m perto o sufi\u00adci\u00adente para que exista algum efeito estufa, que regula a tem\u00adpe\u00adra\u00adtura acima do con\u00adge\u00adla\u00admento total. Al\u00e9m disso, \u00e9 impor\u00adtante que o planeta possua \u00f3rbitas est\u00e1\u00adveis e com pouca elon\u00adga\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o para que n\u00e3o haja mudan\u00ad\u00e7as bruscas de tem\u00adpe\u00adra\u00adtura. A res\u00adpeito da esta\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade das \u00f3rbitas, \u00e9 pos\u00ads\u00ed\u00advel per\u00adce\u00adber a partir da Figura 1 que pla\u00adne\u00adtas de sis\u00adte\u00admas solares em for\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o s\u00e3o pouco pro\u00adv\u00e1\u00adveis de abrigar vida, pois s\u00e3o facil\u00admente des\u00adtru\u00ed\u00addos. Al\u00e9m disso, as estre\u00adlas devem possuir um tempo de vida razo\u00ada\u00advel\u00admente longo para a vida se formar e devem estar em regi\u00f5es est\u00e1\u00adveis do espa\u00e7o (con\u00adtra\u00ade\u00adxem\u00adplos: aglo\u00adme\u00adra\u00addos glo\u00adbu\u00adla\u00adres, centro de gal\u00e1\u00adxias e <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/glossario\/sistema-estelar-binario\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">sis\u00adte\u00admas bin\u00e1\u00adrios<\/a>, pois s\u00e3o lugares com grande inte\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o inte\u00adres\u00adte\u00adlar, o que gera ins\u00adta\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade nas \u00f3rbitas dos planetas).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Como podemos procurar?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Para pro\u00adcu\u00adrar\u00admos a vida fora da Terra,&nbsp; pre\u00adci\u00adsa\u00admos uti\u00adli\u00adzar os dados de ele\u00admen\u00adtos que pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adtam a exis\u00adt\u00ean\u00adcia de vida e a sua pro\u00adba\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade, uma vez que n\u00e3o temos nada con\u00adfir\u00admado ainda. A pri\u00admeira forma de pro\u00adcu\u00adrar \u00e9 bus\u00adcando pla\u00adne\u00adtas que estejam na zona de habi\u00adta\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade ou que criem con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es para a exis\u00adt\u00ean\u00adcia de vida j\u00e1 conhe\u00adcida por n\u00f3s. Nisso podemos muito bem con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adrar&nbsp; Enc\u00e9\u00adlado (uma das luas de Saturno) e Europa (uma das luas de J\u00fapiter). Mesmo ambas estando fora da zona de habi\u00adta\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade e cober\u00adtas por uma camada densa de gelo, elas podem possuir um oceano de \u00e1gua em estado l\u00edquido no seus inte\u00adri\u00ado\u00adres, podendo&nbsp; existir fuma\u00adro\u00adlas oce\u00e2\u00adni\u00adcas e dessa maneira um pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade de con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es para a&nbsp;vida.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-medium\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"229\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/800px-Liquid_lakes_on_titan-229x300.jpg\" alt class=\"wp-image-42985\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/800px-Liquid_lakes_on_titan-229x300.jpg 229w, https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/800px-Liquid_lakes_on_titan-783x1024.jpg 783w, https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/800px-Liquid_lakes_on_titan-768x1004.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/800px-Liquid_lakes_on_titan-205x268.jpg 205w, https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/800px-Liquid_lakes_on_titan.jpg 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 229px) 100vw, 229px\"><figcaption><strong>Figura 3:<\/strong> Imagem de radar da&nbsp;Cassini de lagos de Hidro\u00adcar\u00adbo\u00adne\u00adtos na Lua de Tit\u00e3. Fonte: <a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vida_em_Tit%C3%A3#:~:text=Se%20h%C3%A1%20vida%20em%20Tit%C3%A3,e%20mares%20em%20sua%20superf%C3%ADcie.\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vida_em_Tit%C3%A3#:~:text=Se%20h%C3%A1%20vida%20em%20Tit%C3%A3,e%20mares%20em%20sua%20superf%C3%ADcie.\">Wiki\u00adp\u00e9\u00addia<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Existem tamb\u00e9m aquelas pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adda\u00addes que v\u00e3o&nbsp; para al\u00e9m da nossa con\u00adcep\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o tra\u00addi\u00adci\u00ado\u00adnal de vida. Um exemplo disso \u00e9 o caso de Tit\u00e3 (uma das luas de Saturno), por mais que per\u00adma\u00adne\u00e7a a uma tem\u00adpe\u00adra\u00adtura muito baixa, sabe-se que ela apre\u00adsenta chuvas de metano e at\u00e9 mesmo lagos con\u00adtendo etano em estado l\u00edquido. Desse modo, esses atu\u00ada\u00adriam como sol\u00adven\u00adtes asso\u00adci\u00adando-se a aos gases e as con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de uma atmos\u00adfera desen\u00advol\u00advida, podendo dessa forma pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adtar a for\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o de vida. Contudo essa forma de vida seria com\u00adple\u00adta\u00admente dife\u00adrente do que pos\u00adsu\u00ed\u00admos aqui na Terra, pois os seres vivos de nosso planeta uti\u00adli\u00adzam a \u00e1gua l\u00edquida como solvente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Outra pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade um tanto quanto ex\u00f3tica est\u00e1 asso\u00adci\u00adada ao planeta V\u00eanus, por mais que possua uma atmos\u00adfera extre\u00adma\u00admente quente, che\u00adgando 464 \u00b0 C. V\u00eanus possui uma zona de habi\u00adta\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade em uma faixa de sua atmos\u00adfera entre 51 km e 62 km, exis\u00adtindo con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de se ori\u00adgi\u00adnar vida em suas nuvens \u00e1cidas. No ano de 2020, foi publi\u00adcada a detec\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o de uma grande quan\u00adti\u00addade de fosfina na atmos\u00adfera de V\u00eanus, uma subs\u00adt\u00e2n\u00adcia de dif\u00edcil pro\u00addu\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o sem prin\u00adc\u00ed\u00adpio bio\u00adl\u00f3\u00adgico envol\u00advido. Contudo numa an\u00e1lise mais precisa dos dados, essa quan\u00adti\u00addade detec\u00adtada havia sido aumen\u00adtada 7 vezes por decor\u00adr\u00ean\u00adcia de inter\u00adfe\u00adr\u00ean\u00adcias nos equi\u00adpa\u00admen\u00adtos, mesmo assim n\u00e3o se des\u00adcarta total\u00admente a pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade de origem bio\u00adl\u00f3\u00adgica dessa subs\u00adt\u00e2n\u00adcia. Mas podemos pro\u00adcu\u00adrar vida inte\u00adli\u00adgente? Sim, podemos mas para isso \u00e9 preciso con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o b\u00e1sica para lidar com a pro\u00adba\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade de existir vida extra\u00adter\u00adres\u00adtre inte\u00adli\u00adgente. Visando ter uma ori\u00aden\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o b\u00e1sica em 1961, Franck Drake (1930) prop\u00f4s alguns fatores b\u00e1sicos a serem supri\u00addos para haver a pro\u00adba\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade de comu\u00adni\u00adca\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o com uma ou v\u00e1rias pos\u00ads\u00ed\u00adveis civi\u00adli\u00adza\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es de modo que se orga\u00adni\u00adza\u00adram em uma equa\u00e7\u00e3o, que foi apre\u00adsen\u00adtada na pri\u00admeira con\u00adfe\u00adr\u00ean\u00adcia do SETI (Search for Extra Ter\u00adres\u00adtrial Intel\u00adli\u00adgence, que sig\u00adni\u00adfica Busca por Inte\u00adli\u00adg\u00ean\u00adcia Extraterrestre).<\/p>\n\n\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/latex.codecogs.com\/gif.latex?\\large&amp;space;N=R\\cdot&amp;space;f_{p}\\cdot&amp;space;n_{e}\\cdot&amp;space;f_{v}\\cdot&amp;space;f_{i}\\cdot&amp;space;f_{c}\\cdot&amp;space;L\" alt=\"\\large N=R\\cdot f_{p}\\cdot n_{e}\\cdot f_{v}\\cdot f_{i}\\cdot f_{c}\\cdot L\" align=\"absmiddle\"><\/p>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em que,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">        N = n\u00famero de civi\u00adli\u00adza\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es em nossa Gal\u00e1xia capazes de se comunicar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;R = taxa de for\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o de estre\u00adlas na Gal\u00e1xia<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fp = fra\u00e7\u00e3o pro\u00adv\u00e1\u00advel de estre\u00adlas que t\u00eam planetas<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ne = n\u00famero de pla\u00adne\u00adtas ou luas com con\u00addi\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es pare\u00adci\u00addas com as da&nbsp;Terra<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fv = fra\u00e7\u00e3o pro\u00adv\u00e1\u00advel de pla\u00adne\u00adtas que abrigam vida<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fi = fra\u00e7\u00e3o pro\u00adv\u00e1\u00advel de pla\u00adne\u00adtas que desen\u00advol\u00advem vida inteligente<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;fc = fra\u00e7\u00e3o de esp\u00e9\u00adcies inte\u00adli\u00adgen\u00adtes que podem e querem se comunicar<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;L = tempo de vida de tal civiliza\u00e7\u00e3o<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Diante da equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Drake podemos aferir que seus quatro \u00faltimos ele\u00admen\u00adtos extra\u00adpo\u00adlam o nosso conhe\u00adci\u00admento, sendo que o \u00faltimo pode ser con\u00adsi\u00adde\u00adrado como o fator mais impor\u00adtante \u00e9 aquele pos\u00ads\u00ed\u00advel de ter inter\u00adpre\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es diver\u00adsas. Tendo isso podemos sugerir algumas pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00adda\u00addes de valores.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"793\" height=\"256\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Valores-de-Drake-1.png\" alt class=\"wp-image-43384\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Valores-de-Drake-1.png 793w, https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Valores-de-Drake-1-300x97.png 300w, https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Valores-de-Drake-1-768x248.png 768w, https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Valores-de-Drake-1-205x66.png 205w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 793px) 100vw, 793px\"><figcaption><strong>Figura 4:<\/strong> Pos\u00ads\u00ed\u00adveis valores para a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de&nbsp;Drake.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Diante dessas tr\u00eas hip\u00f3\u00adte\u00adses plau\u00ads\u00ed\u00adveis, na pri\u00admeira uma vis\u00e3o oti\u00admista ter\u00eda\u00admos um bilh\u00e3o de civi\u00adli\u00adza\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es podendo se comu\u00adni\u00adcar com n\u00f3s, j\u00e1 na pes\u00adsi\u00admista seria apenas um tri\u00adli\u00ado\u00adn\u00e9\u00adsimo e a pro\u00adposta por Drake ter\u00eda\u00admos cem civi\u00adli\u00adza\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es aptas \u00e0 comunica\u00e7\u00e3o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Estamos \u00e0 procura?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Diante dessa per\u00adgunta podemos nos ima\u00adgi\u00adnar como pes\u00adca\u00addo\u00adres bus\u00adcando uma cri\u00ada\u00adtura mito\u00adl\u00f3\u00adgica, , mas tamb\u00e9m estamos dei\u00adxando ves\u00adt\u00ed\u00adgios para que possam nos encon\u00adtrar. Na procura podemos dividi-las na busca por uma prova da exis\u00adt\u00ean\u00adcia de vida de qual\u00adquer taxo\u00adno\u00admia e outra que almeja encon\u00adtrar algum sinal oriundo de vida extra\u00adter\u00adres\u00adtre inteligente.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">A nossa efetiva procura por provas da exis\u00adt\u00ean\u00adcia de vida extra\u00adter\u00adres\u00adtre come\u00e7ou em 1959, quando os cien\u00adtis\u00adtas Giu\u00adseppe Cocconi (1914 \u2014 2008) e Philip Mor\u00adri\u00adson (1915 \u2014 2005) publi\u00adca\u00adram um artigo, pro\u00adpondo as ondas micro\u00adon\u00addas como um poten\u00adcial para a procura de vida extra\u00adter\u00adres\u00adtre inte\u00adli\u00adgente. J\u00e1 a pri\u00admeira miss\u00e3o com inten\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o de explo\u00adrar a pos\u00adsi\u00adbi\u00adli\u00addade da vida extra\u00adter\u00adres\u00adtre, foi des\u00adti\u00adnada a Marte em 1975 (Viking 1 e 2). Devido a pro\u00adxi\u00admi\u00addade com a Terra e por sempre ser um planeta visto como pro\u00admis\u00adsor a vida, por\u00e9m os resul\u00adta\u00addos foram incon\u00adclu\u00adsi\u00advos na medida&nbsp; que n\u00e3o foram detec\u00adta\u00addos com\u00adpos\u00adtos org\u00e2\u00adni\u00adcos em sua super\u00adf\u00ed\u00adcie e as amos\u00adtras de solo apre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00adram resul\u00adta\u00addos amb\u00ed\u00adguos a evi\u00add\u00ean\u00adcias meta\u00adb\u00f3\u00adli\u00adcas. Mais tarde sur\u00adgi\u00adram expli\u00adca\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es para esses dois fatos, pri\u00admeiro devido a des\u00adco\u00adberta que algumas argilas possuem capa\u00adci\u00addade de darem resul\u00adta\u00addos simi\u00adla\u00adres aos de rea\u00e7\u00f5es meta\u00adb\u00f3\u00adli\u00adcas e a aus\u00ean\u00adcia de com\u00adpos\u00adtos org\u00e2\u00adni\u00adcos na super\u00adf\u00ed\u00adcie mar\u00adci\u00adana decorre dela ser rica em supe\u00adr\u00f3\u00adxi\u00addos de ferro (fato que torna Marte ver\u00adme\u00adlha), oriun\u00addos da inte\u00adra\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o da radi\u00ada\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o solar com o&nbsp;solo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"960\" height=\"591\" src=\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GPN-2000-001621-x.jpg\" alt class=\"wp-image-42986\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GPN-2000-001621-x.jpg 960w, https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GPN-2000-001621-x-300x185.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GPN-2000-001621-x-768x473.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/GPN-2000-001621-x-205x126.jpg 205w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\"><figcaption><strong>Figura 5:<\/strong> Placa fixada \u00e0 Pioneer 10. Fonte:<a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Placa_Pioneer\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Placa_Pioneer\"> Wiki\u00adp\u00e9\u00addia<\/a>.<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Em 1972 e 1973, foram lan\u00ad\u00e7a\u00addas ao espa\u00e7o sondas Pio\u00adne\u00aders 10 e 11, que sairiam do sistema solar. Muito mais do que sondas de pes\u00adquisa espa\u00adcial, elas levaram consigo duas placas de alu\u00adm\u00ed\u00adnio cober\u00adtas por ouro. Nesses&nbsp; con\u00adti\u00adnham as imagens de um homem e uma mulher ambos nus, a repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o de uma tran\u00adsi\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o hiper\u00adfina do hidro\u00adg\u00ea\u00adnio, a posi\u00e7\u00e3o rela\u00adtiva do Sol na gal\u00e1xia e uma repre\u00adsen\u00adta\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o do sistema solar. Em 1977, foram lan\u00ad\u00e7a\u00addas ao espa\u00e7o as sondas Voya\u00adgers 1 e 2, atre\u00adla\u00addas a elas foram postos dois discos de cobre reves\u00adti\u00addos por ouro. Nesses discos con\u00adti\u00adnham 115 imagens da vida ter\u00adres\u00adtre, sons de sau\u00adda\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es em 55 idiomas, sons natu\u00adrais, m\u00fasicas e algumas infor\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es cien\u00adt\u00ed\u00adfi\u00adcas. Muito mais do que infor\u00adma\u00ad\u00e7\u00f5es, as sondas Pio\u00adne\u00aders e as Voya\u00adgers levaram consigo a flama da espe\u00adran\u00e7a humana, do qual mesmo n\u00e3o encon\u00adtrando um destino defi\u00adni\u00adtivo, sempre ser\u00e3o um lem\u00adbrete da \u00e2nsia humana para res\u00adpon\u00adder a quest\u00e3o pri\u00admor\u00addial aqui apre\u00adsen\u00adtada. Ser\u00e1 que estamos sozinhos?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h5 class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-heading\">\u00c1lisson Schneider e Camila  Raupp da Luz  \/ Equipe AMLEF&nbsp;2021<\/h5>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\">\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Saiba Mais<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Quer saber mais sobre a Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Drake? Ent\u00e3o segue a <a href=\"https:\/\/youtu.be\/VWRJI5fmFns\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">expli\u00adca\u00ad\u00e7\u00e3o do Carl Sagan<\/a>, divul\u00adga\u00addor cien\u00adt\u00ed\u00adfico da s\u00e9rie Cosmos.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\">\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Refer\u00eancias<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Wiki\u00adp\u00e9\u00addia: Zona Habi\u00adt\u00e1\u00advel (<a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zona_habit%C3%A1vel\">PT<\/a>\/<a href=\"https:\/\/es.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zona_de_habitabilidad\">ES<\/a>\/<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Circumstellar_habitable_zone\">IN<\/a>)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/exoplanets.nasa.gov\/discovery\/exoplanet-catalog\/\">Exo\u00adpla\u00adnet Catalog | Dis\u00adco\u00advery \u2013 Exo\u00adpla\u00adnet Explo\u00adra\u00adtion: Planets Beyond our Solar System (nasa.gov)<\/a><\/li><li>Wiki\u00adp\u00e9\u00addia :Vida em Tit\u00e3 (<a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vida_em_Tit%C3%A3#:~:text=Se%20h%C3%A1%20vida%20em%20Tit%C3%A3,e%20mares%20em%20sua%20superf%C3%ADcie.\">PT<\/a>)Wiki\u00adp\u00e9\u00addia: Vida em V\u00eanus (<a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vida_em_V%C3%A9nus#:~:text=A%20possibilidade%20de%20vida%20em,passada%20ou%20presente%20em%20V%C3%A9nus.\">PT<\/a>)<\/li><li>Wiki\u00adp\u00e9\u00addia: Equa\u00e7\u00e3o de Drake (<a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Equa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Drake\">PT<\/a>\/<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drake_equation\">EN<\/a>)<\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.seti.org\/\">Seti<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.if.ufrgs.br\/fis02001\/aulas\/vida_ET\/vet.htm\">If.Ufrgs: Procura de vida fora da&nbsp;Terra<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/astro.if.ufrgs.br\/comast\/comast.htm#alh\">Astro.if: Corpos menores do sistema solar<\/a><\/li><li>Wiki\u00adp\u00e9\u00addia: Discos de ouro da Voyager (<a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Voyager_Golden_Record\">EN<\/a>)<\/li><li>Wiki\u00adp\u00e9\u00addia: Placa Pioneer (<a href=\"https:\/\/pt.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Placa_Pioneer\">PT<\/a>\/<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Pioneer_plaque\">EN<\/a>)<\/li><\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Agora que temos pelo menos uma no\u00e7\u00e3o dos seres vivos que estamos pro\u00adcu\u00adrando, daremos con\u00adti\u00adnui\u00addade \u00e0 busca por vida fora Terra. Para isso, \u00e9 impor\u00adtante enten\u00adder\u00admos onde pro\u00adcu\u00adrar. Onde podemos viver? At\u00e9 hoje (21 de dezem\u00adbro de 2021), foram detec\u00adta\u00addos 4883 exo\u00adpla\u00adne\u00adtas em 3659 sis\u00adte\u00admas este\u00adla\u00adres [2]. Sim, \u00e9 planeta pra ded\u00e9u! E por&nbsp;onde&nbsp;[\u2026]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_editorskit_title_hidden":false,"_editorskit_reading_time":0,"_editorskit_is_block_options_detached":false,"_editorskit_block_options_position":"{}","wp_typography_post_enhancements_disabled":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[432,571],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-42674","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-destaques","category-exposicaomanualespacial"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Cap\u00edtulo 13: Ser\u00e1 que estamos sozinhos? (Parte 2) - Museu dos Laborat\u00f3rios de Ensino de F\u00edsica - Em Transi\u00e7\u00e3o<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/amlef\/2021\/12\/21\/capitulo-13-sera-que-estamos-sozinhos-parte-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"pt_BR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Cap\u00edtulo 13: Ser\u00e1 que estamos sozinhos? (Parte 2) - Museu dos Laborat\u00f3rios de Ensino de F\u00edsica - Em Transi\u00e7\u00e3o\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Agora que temos pelo menos uma no\u00e7\u00e3o dos seres vivos que estamos pro\u00adcu\u00adrando, daremos con\u00adti\u00adnui\u00addade \u00e0 busca por vida fora Terra. Para isso, \u00e9 impor\u00adtante enten\u00adder\u00admos onde procurar. Onde podemos viver? At\u00e9 hoje (21 de dezem\u00adbro de 2021), foram detec\u00adta\u00addos 4883 exo\u00adpla\u00adne\u00adtas em 3659 sis\u00adte\u00admas este\u00adla\u00adres [2]. Sim, \u00e9 planeta pra ded\u00e9u! 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