'
Oath : "I swear by Apollo the physician, and Aesculapius,
and Health, and All-heal, and all the gods and goddesses, that, according
to my ability and judgment, I will keep this Oath and this stipulation-
to reckon him who taught me this Art equally dear to me as my parents,
to share my substance with him, and relieve his necessities if required;
to look upon his offspring in the same footing as my own brothers, and
to teach them this art, if they shall wish to learn it, without fee or
stipulation; and that by precept, lecture, and every other mode of instruction,
I will impart a knowledge of the Art to my own sons, and those of my teachers,
and to disciples bound by a stipulation and oath according to the law of
medicine, but to none others. I will follow that system of regimen which,
according to my ability and judgment, I consider for the benefit of my
patients, and abstain from whatever is deleterious and mischievous. I will
give no deadly medicine to any one if asked, nor suggest any such counsel;
and in like manner I will not give to a woman a pessary to produce abortion.
With purity and with holiness I will pass my life and practice my Art.
I will not cut persons laboring under the stone, but will leave this to
be done by men who are practitioners of this work. Into whatever houses
I enter, I will go into them for the benefit of the sick, and will abstain
from every voluntary act of mischief and corruption; and, further from
the seduction of females or males, of freemen and slaves. Whatever, in
connection with my professional practice or not, in connection with it,
I see or hear, in the life of men, which ought not to be spoken of abroad,
I will not divulge, as reckoning that all such should be kept secret. While
I continue to keep this Oath unviolated, may it be granted to me to enjoy
life and the practice of the art, respected by all men, in all times! But
should I trespass and violate this Oath, may the reverse be my lot!"
and conditions affecting dead bodies. After the observation period an antiputrefactive
treatment is practiced (expecially in the hot months between April and
September by injecting 500 mL of formalin into body cavities)and
are due to gravitary hemometakinesis (communicating vessels law)
in passively dilating vessels, causing spots located according to position
of the cadaver (hypostasis : poor or stagnant circulation in a dependent
part of the body or organ, as in venous insufficiency; livor mortis
/ postmortem lividity : discoloration appearing on dependent parts
of the body after death, as a result of cessation of circulation, stagnation
of blood, and settling of the blood by gravity)
(when HbCO > 60%) or in cadavers preserved in cold environments (slowing
down hemoglobin reduction)
and after putrefaction (brown after transformation of methemoglobin into
hematin))
from anaerobic (obliged and facultative) first and aerobic bacteria of
the bowel flora then. From bowels they migrate into blood and lymph vessels
reaching all tissues. Decomposition of organic substances leads to formation
of alkaloids, inert and toxic substances :]
: a poison from putrid sausages and the viscera of corpses of those dead
from typhoid fever; it has effects somewhat like those of atropine.,
choleglobin, sulfohemoglobin, pseudohemoglobin and cruoralbin, ...; differential
diagnosis with H2S
poisoning)
: green to brown spots beginning in right iliac fold (where the abdominal
wall lies just over appendix and intestinum caecum, the most contaminated
body area; left iliac fold in cadavers with situs viscerum inversum; natural
orifices of fetuses and newborns whose intestinal content is still sterile;
first appearing elsewhere if subcutaneous hematoma(s), fistulas, ulcers,
septic hot-spots, trasudates or anomalous hypostases occurred) => abdminal
wall => trunk => head and limbs along superficial veins (putrefactive
venous network at the root of upper and/or lower limbs))
(papiraceous fetus), due to dehydration in hot and dry (ventilated)
environments, eventually aided by hydrovorous molds, expecially in thin,
cachectic cadavers died from profuse hemorrhages or dehydration, and leaved
in upright position (so that fluids migrate downwards). Dehydration prevents
bacterial growth and putrefaction. Skin rehydration
may reveal fingerprints.
signalation / bertillonage
images
polymorphisms : A bitter dispute has erupted between Japan and North
Korea over DNA tests used to establish whether cremated remains belong
to a Japanese citizen abducted in 1977. The argument is the latest twist
in an episode that has soured relations between the two countries for years.
During the 1970s and 1980s, North Korea was believed to have abducted at
least 13, and perhaps as many as 100, Japanese citizens to work in its
espionage programme. Now the 2 nations are falling out over the feasibility
of correctly identifying DNA from the ashes of one of those abducted. In
the autumn of 2002, North Korea ended years of denials and admitted that
members of its armed forces abducted 13 Japanese citizens from Japan and
Europe. The North Korean leader, Kim Jong-il, claimed that the abductions
were carried out by the military without government permission. Japan says
it has evidence of two more abductees, and believes that there were in
fact many more. Pressure on North Korea to release survivors has since
seen five abductees return to Japan accompanied by their families. Information
on eight others, which North Korea says are dead, has been slow to arrive,
leading to speculation that some of them are still alive. On 15 November
2004, Japanese officials returned from talks in Pyongyang carrying what
North Korea claimed to be the cremated remains of Megumi Yokota, who was
abducted in 1977 at the age of 13. According to North Korean reports, Yokota
married a North Korean, but later killed herself after entering a mental
hospital. At Teikyo University in Tokyo, tests on 5 samples of the ashes
found DNA from 2 sources — but neither of them matched DNA from Yokota's
umbilical cord, which had been kept by her parents, as is common in Japan.
In December, these results were passed to North Korea, but on 26 January
the Korean government issued a statement that branded them a "fabrication".
According to Hatsuhisa Takashima, a spokesman for Japan's foreign ministry,
North Korea called into question the methods used in the tests and claimed
that the remains, which had been heated to 1,200 °C, could not contain
any surviving DNA. The North Korean statement also asked why researchers
at Teikyo University were able to extract DNA when the National Research
Institute of Police Science in Tokyo, which also had 5 samples to work
with, had been unable to do so. Teikyo University's Tomio Yoshii, one of
Japan's leading forensics experts, says there are several reasons why he
managed to extract DNA from all 5 of his samples. These include the fact
that he used nested PCR, which amplifies DNA twice instead of once as in
conventional PCR, and the possibility that his original samples were of
better quality than those at the other lab. Little forensic work has been
done on cremated specimens in Japan, and most experts, including Yoshii,
thought it unlikely that DNA would have survived cremation at 1,200 °C,
but DNA could survive if exposed to such heat for only a short time. The
bones are like stiff sponges that can absorb anything. If sweat or oils
of someone that was handling them soaked in, it would be impossible to
get them out no matter how well they were prepared. Takashima says that
North Korea has sent remains that it said belonged to an abductee in the
past, only to admit later that they were from another source. The Japanese
government responded to the current incident on 26 January by calling North
Korea's handling of the situation "deplorable". It threatened "stringent
actions" that, according to Takashima, may include the cancellation of
125,000 tonnes of food aid and other trade sanctions. Japanese officials
also say that they want to retest the DNA in question. But Yoshii says
his 5 samples — the largest of which weighed only 1.5 grams — were used
up in his tests. And that, observers say, leaves little prospect of the
disagreement being resolvedref.
: use of bone remnants for identification
: odontoiatricians that use of teeth for identification
: use of chemical knowledge in the solution of legal problems.
: collection, rearing and preservation of the hematophagous (blood
feeding) and necrophagous (carrion feeding) insect fauna (entomofauna)
feeding and breeding on the corpse when the groups of species of arthropods
(waves of succession) characteristic for stages of decomposition
of the corpse and the developmental rate at a temperature similar to the
death scene are known. The aim is to...
: chemistrian. Criteria :
(10% false positives due to cross-reactions : they shouldn't have medicolegal
value but often influence the ideas of the court)
extracts analytes with volatile solvents removing contaminants + mass
spectrometry (MS)
(electron beams fragment the analytes in peculiar ways producing a mass
spectrum which can be compared with databases containing mass spectra from
up to 117,000 different chemicals). A drawback is the likelihood to ignore
poorly represented chemicals.
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