{"id":120978,"date":"2025-10-16T07:10:00","date_gmt":"2025-10-16T10:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/jornal\/?p=120978"},"modified":"2025-10-14T09:51:38","modified_gmt":"2025-10-14T12:51:38","slug":"different-types-and-intensities-of-physical-exercise-bring-significant-benefits-to-the-brain","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/jornal\/different-types-and-intensities-of-physical-exercise-bring-significant-benefits-to-the-brain\/","title":{"rendered":"Different types and intensities of physical exercise bring significant benefits to the brain\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Health | An increase in neurodegenerative diseases reinforces the importance of public policies promoting physical exercise<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

*First published in December 12, 2024<\/em>
*Photo: Fl\u00e1vio Dutra\/JU<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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The health benefits of practicing physical activity are a consensus in the scientific community. Broad and diversified scientific literature points to the physical, mental, and social gains provided by regular exercise. Recently, different research projects conducted at UFRGS (the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul) have shed light on the relationship between exercise and brain function, especially amongst the elderly and people with neurodegenerative diseases. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The research conducted by Ana Karla Oliveira Leite<\/a> showed the importance of strength training beyond physical maintenance and aesthetic satisfaction, as it acts on cognitive processes as well. A result of this project is the recent publication in the Neuroscience<\/a> magazine by Ana Karla and a group of researchers, including her advisor, Angela Wyse<\/a>. The goal is to investigate if acute strength training could promote the consolidation of a weak memory, addressing the release of metabolites and myokines that stimulate the activation of receptors linked to cognition and synaptic plasticity upon reaching the brain. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ana Karla, Physical Education undergraduate, is a senior fitness specialist. During her master’s program in Electrical Engineering, she developed a method to study human gait patterns in different gravitational environments. The focus of Ana Karla’s PhD was the study of the effects of strength exercise on fear memory consolidation and hippocampal neurogenesis. She currently studies these effects under different cognitive aspects for her post-doctoral research at UFRGS.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Strength and memory<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

The goal of strength training is to increase the body’s muscular vigor and physical endurance. As a result, the workout sessions include heavy weights, longer sets, and lower repetitions. Upon reflecting on the links between this type of activity and memory, Ana Karla found a number of publications associating aerobics and cognitive aspects. However, she perceived a missing gap in relation to strength training \u2013 which led to her PhD project. One of the main driving factors of her research is to understand what happens at a cellular level and, in the future, open new therapeutic windows. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The research was carried out with rats in a laboratory, and the chosen protocol for the test was the consolidation of fear memories. The acute strength exercise is a single session for which the rat is prepared for almost a week. It consists of having the animal climb a ladder \u2013 one meter tall and 80 degrees of inclination \u2013 with weights on its tail. \u201cIn the days before, we defined the weights for the strength training from a test, the same way I would do if I were to train a person at the gym. The animal can do up to nine climbing sets, with an interval of two minutes and with 8 to 12 repetitions\u201d, describes Ana Karla. The goal is to measure the freezing state related to the fear memory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cBasically, strength training helps to consolidate memory. It helps with recording memories and boosts cognitive processes because of the myokines released by the work done by muscles. It is also important for the functional independence of people who are aging, not only of the muscles and brain, but of the body as a whole.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ana Karla Oliveira Leite<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The researcher points out that there are several protocols for the study of memory, such as social recognition, object recognition and extinction memory. \u201cWe needed a protocol that was not too extensive, hence the choice for contextual fear conditioning,\u201d says Ana Karla. \u201cWe took into consideration whether the exercise helped the animal to remember shocks that it would normally forget after 24 hours. The animals that did this exercise remembered better.\u201d The study took into account the ethical dimension of research with living beings<\/a>, respecting the principle of the 3Rs (Reduction, Replacement and Refinement). The use of protocols in humans needs to be preceded by animal research, adds Angela Wyse, since it helps identify the type of questions to be asked.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Photos: Fl\u00e1vio Dutra\/JU<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Aging and autonomy<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Angela Wyse, who is a professor at the Institute of Basic Health Sciences at UFRGS, explains that the loss of muscle mass and function, known as sarcopenia, may be associated with decreased cognition. She points out that people who develop some types of dementia have a decrease in muscle strength, especially in the lower limbs. \u201cStudies show that when an individual exercises, whether it is aerobics or any other type, they produce substances called myokines, which are capable of acting not only on muscle tissue, but on other types, such as brain tissue, and activate various aspects of memory.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the researcher, it is crucial to emphasize the importance of movement, since a sedentary lifestyle leads to loss of strength and muscle mass and inhibits the release of myokines, which are essential in the process of memory and cognition. \u201cThis is the biggest message: do physical exercise, whether it be yoga, Pilates, aerobics, or cycling. Doing concomitant activities \u2013 i.e. strength exercise and walking or meditation \u2013 along with proper nutrition is also important because when combined they add to a healthier condition. And then there’s the matter of well-being. Therefore, there are several factors that add up in order to postpone neurodegenerative diseases.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cIn addition to becoming more physically independent, people who are aging present a gain at brain level, because there is an increase in both the release of neurotrophic factors and in the neuroplasticity, which facilitates the consolidation of memory, that is, its storage.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Angela Wyse<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The impact of light activities<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

According to physical education and epidemiology expert Natan Feter<\/a>, one in 15 cases of dementia could be prevented solely by the adoption of healthy habits. Postdoctoral fellow in the graduate Program in Epidemiology at UFRGS, Feter is one of the world’s 30 major researchers on physical exercise and dementia, according to the SciVal-Elsevier<\/a> platform.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In an article published in the British Journal of Sports Medicine<\/a> in August of 2024, Feter and his colleagues point out that intervals of light physical activity during prolonged periods of sedentarism (such as sitting for eight hours) can improve cognitive function in adults. The research was created from a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify how reduced sitting or inactive time accompanied by increased physical activity can positively impact cognitive function, neural functioning and brain structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The results are based on data from individuals of different ages, ranging from children to seniors, and shows that the adoption of a more active lifestyle can generate significant benefits. The authors suggest that increasing physical activity levels in a mild or moderate way may improve cognitive functions such as memory and attention, and alter brain structure, increasing, for example, the volume of the hippocampus, an area that is essential for memory, favoring neural connectivity for the performance of complex tasks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the study, just two minutes are enough to boost executive function, which stimulates productivity at work and decision making. For professionals who spend much of their time sitting or for bedridden patients, taking these active breaks can be a simple approach to improve focus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In an increasingly sedentary world, Feter’s article serves as a reminder: small lifestyle adjustments, such as regular walks, active breaks during work, or exercise, can have lasting effects on brain health and quality of life. There is already clear evidence in the Medical field that exercising is an effective complementary non-pharmacological treatment for dementia, Parkinson’s disease, and psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Although it does not have the power to reverse the course of the pathology, practicing exercise contributes to a better quality of life for patients and caregivers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Until the 1950s, science believed that the human body did not have the capacity to produce new neurons \u2013 the knowledge then was that people were born with a certain number of neurons, which would be lost throughout life. In 1999, it was proven that we are able to produce new nerve cells from physical activity. With the practice of aerobic exercises alone, there is an improvement in circulatory and cardiovascular function, in addition to promoting better blood flow, which favors brain oxygenation. The practice also generates new nerve cells and improves the environment for the existing ones, also favoring communication between them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to the benefits for the body, the regular practice of physical activity has impacts on patients\u2019 mental and cognitive health, especially on those who face Alzheimer’s or are bedridden. However, adherence to physical exercise is not a simple task. Feter explains that any movement that the physical education professional can perform with a bedridden patient will have an important effect for the treatment. Muscle contraction alone is effective, although it does not change the course of the disease.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition, another difficulty for continuous treatment is mood instability. This barrier is common in diseases such as Alzheimer’s, but the expert found that the solution does not reside in forcing his patients to do exercises against their will. In order to reach 100% of the medicinal effect, physical exercise must be connected with leisure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cIt is essential to know the patient, to know their needs, to know their capacities. I think respecting that is crucial. And then, based on it and also on technical knowledge, we should try to make that patient as physically active as possible.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Natan Feter<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

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Photos: Fl\u00e1vio Dutra\/JU<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Public policies and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases<\/strong><\/h5>\n\n\n\n

For Feter, it is impossible to talk about prevention without combating social inequalities. In his view, only the reduction of these disparities will allow effective advances in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The research proved that there is a need to create public health strategies to encourage physical activity and reduce sedentarism, and it highlights the benefits for the brain and overall well-being. In addition, it was found that more vulnerable social groups \u2013 such as black people, women and those with a low education level \u2013 have fewer opportunities to engage in a routine of physical exercise.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The World Health Organization (WHO), recommends a weekly physical activity of 150 minutes, which should be performed during leisure time. The neuroprotective factor that sporting activities bring is closely connected with this leisure time, which many people are unable to have due to strenuous routines.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Also, according to the WHO, more than 50 million people are living with dementia in the world, and it is projected to reach the 150 million mark by 2050. In Brazil, at least 1.76 million people over the age of 60 live with some type of dementia. That number shows a tendency to grow even more, according to Feter. Dementia is expected to reach 2.78 million Brazilians by the end of this decade and 5.5 million by 2050. About 50% of dementia cases in the country could be prevented with lifestyle changes, such as physical activity, diet and other risk factors control. For this to happen on a large scale, Natan highlights the need for public policies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The economic burden of dementia, which already reaches 12 figures worldwide, could also be reduced with the adoption of preventive policies. In 2019, dementia cost the world US$1 trillion \u2013 equivalent to about R$5 trillion, according to the National Report on Dementia in Brazil (ReNaDe, in Portuguese, Relat\u00f3rio Nacional sobre a Dem\u00eancia no Brasil<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is a consensus in the scientific community that by eliminating or controlling factors such as physical inactivity, obesity, hypertension and smoking, it is possible to reduce the risk of developing dementia by up to 10%. \u201cWe are talking about thousands of people who could not develop this disease. And it is a disease that has an elevated cost, because the hospitalization rate is higher, the patient costs are higher. It is high time we find a way to reduce such costs here in Brazil\u201d, says Feter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Photos: Fl\u00e1vio Dutra\/JU<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Translated into English by Luiza Estivalet Pinto<\/strong>, undergraduate student enrolled in the course “Supervised Translation Training I (English)” of the Undergraduate Program in Language and Literature, under the supervision and translation revision of Professor Elizamari R. Becker (P.h.D.) – IL\/UFRGS.
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:: Read in portuguese<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Exerc\u00edcio f\u00edsico em diferentes intensidades e modalidades traz benef\u00edcios significativos para o c\u00e9rebro<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Explore the full section In English<\/strong> <\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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