{"id":93270,"date":"2024-08-29T07:01:00","date_gmt":"2024-08-29T10:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/jornal\/?p=93270"},"modified":"2024-08-29T08:56:10","modified_gmt":"2024-08-29T11:56:10","slug":"scientific-knowledge-democratization-stumbles-upon-high-cost-of-articles-publication-and-journal-access","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ufrgs.br\/jornal\/scientific-knowledge-democratization-stumbles-upon-high-cost-of-articles-publication-and-journal-access\/","title":{"rendered":"Scientific knowledge democratization stumbles upon high cost of articles publication and journal access\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Science | Open access granted to scientific publications and risks posed by the predatory publishing market mobilize managers and researchers. CAPES (Federal Agency for Support and Evaluation of Graduate Education) proposes a Collection Development policy\u00a0<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

*By\u00a0Ronaldo Botelho\u202f\u00a0<\/a>
*First published October 11th, 2023\u00a0
*Photo:\u202fFreepik\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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There is a tacit agreement within the academic community that takes scientific knowledge as a public asset. However, science democratization, taken as society’s common interest, stumbles upon some obstacles.  One of them is publication and research access cost. Since 1980, when journal process migration began, publication support maintenance became a challenge to University education institutions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

To Let\u00edcia Strehl, librarian and director of the Libraries System at UFRGS, subscription payment made by agencies is not translating into the access. \u201cIf the magazine publishes 100 articles, and only 50 of these are paid, the subscription should be cut in half. But this math is not showing, subscriptions only increase. We are just getting more researchers paying the open access publication tax\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Alongside that, many publications of dubious quality try to sell fast and cheap publishing services, but normally they are not trustworthy in terms of peer-revision quality. Worried about this scenario, university managers, editors and researchers started to openly discuss about how to deal with such issues by improving communication amongst scientists (scientific communication) and how to democratize the access to science to the whole population (science communication). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Andrea Carvalho Vieira, General Coordinator of the CAPES Periodicals Portal and Scientific Information, elaborates: \u201cSince 2017, CAPES has been promoting the debate about models of Open Access and amplifying the discussion about the theme alongside the academic community with the objective to elaborate a Collection Development Policy that contemplates, for example, the payment of APCs (Article Processing Charges) in firmed contracts\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Changes and Impact<\/strong> <\/h5>\n\n\n\n

To better understand this crisis that scientific publications are going through, it is necessary to look back a few decades ago to the period when reader subscription used to involve printing magazine physical copies and doorstep mail delivery. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Samile Andr\u00e9a de Souza Vanz, coordinator at the Advisory Committee for Support to the Editing of Scientific Journals at UFRGS explains: \u201cThe libraries and individual-subscribing researchers used to be the main source of funding. In the 1980s, there was a major international financial crisis, with a significant rise in subscription costs. And the annual resources of libraries did not keep pace.\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Changing from paper to digital format has not only brought many gains but also posed new challenges. Samile, who is also Editor-in-chief at the Em Quest\u00e3o<\/a> journal, states: \u201cIn this transitional period, there are journals that have already been born into open access format. However, scientific journals do have unavoidable costs for their operation, and such costs, within this context of free-of-charge subscriptions, need to be covered or subsidized\u201d. In over 35 years of existence, this journal circulated in paper and charged subscriptions; now it only occurs in open access. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

As one would expect, this new reality concerning shift in costs to authors and\/or readers contributed to a new arrangement in the editorial market, with ease and opportunities, but also mistreatments and instability. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cThere are journals charging APCs [article processing charges] of $5,000. This is certainly not publication costs; here we have an extremely lucrative publishing market. Publishers like Springer, Elsevier, and Taylor & Francis have profits exceeding those of banks, pharmaceutical companies, and vehicle manufacturers\u201d<\/em> <\/p>\nSamile Andr\u00e9a de Souza Vanz\u00a0<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To better illustrate what she is saying, Samile recommends the article The Oligopoly of Academic Publishers in the Digital Era<\/a>, that talks about the consolidation of the scientific editorial industry and the large profit margin of big publishers. She points out: \u201cIt is also important to consider that, in addition to the significant importance that publications in credible scientific journals have for the academic career of a graduate student, both the quantity and quality of scientific journals also influence the evaluation of a graduate program. The volume of publications affects the ranking that a university will have and how much funding it receives from funding agencies\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the other hand, there are cases in which the cost to publish can influence not only the legitimacy, but also the author\u2019s self-esteem. Giovana Paludo Giobele, nutritionist, says: “When I was an intern, I attempted to publish an article but couldn’t because I wasn’t a subscriber to the journal. So, we invited a colleague who was a subscriber to publish with me. However, that journal required the subscriber to be the first author. Being in a secondary authorship position on that work would later harm my doctoral application.” Right now, her doctoral dissertation has already been qualified on the Graduate Program in Rural Development at UFRGS (PGDR). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

A market of predators<\/strong> <\/h5>\n\n\n\n

The predatory issue revolving around low-cost journals is another problem that appears in the Brazilian scientific editorial market, compromising the quality of research and the very reputation of researchers alike. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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“The researcher receives three or four invitations per day to publish in these journals. In some cases, you are invited to review articles, and then when you look at what they are commissioning you, you realize you have no competence to review that article.”<\/em> <\/p>\nLeticia Strehl\u00a0<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another situation concerning this abuse is the researcher\u2019s personal information safety. Jos\u00e9 Exequiel Basini Rodrigues, professor in the Graduate Program in Social Anthropology at the Federal University of Amazonas, alumnus of UFRGS and currently a visiting researcher at the Universit\u00e9 du Qu\u00e9bec \u00e0 Montr\u00e9al (UQAM), shares his perspective: “A few years ago, after presenting papers at international events in Florian\u00f3polis and Porto Alegre, I started receiving messages from publishers, even in English, offering me publication opportunities for a wide range of prices. For me, it’s somewhat risky.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Both the formal aesthetic and the personalized treatment that predatory journals use are pointed out as being seductive factors, especially to younger researchers. As it has been observed by Professor Samile Andr\u00e9a: “These journals are confusing to me. Some are very subtle and act in bad faith. They do not conduct peer review. Essentially, the author pays to publish; of course, they are much quicker. They target students who need to publish. We do not have that kind of publication at UFGRS\u201d <\/p>\n\n\n\n

To some degree, Jos\u00e9 Rodrigues believes the scientific community is to blame for this predatory market. “There is a view in academia that is hierarchical and self-centered, with a lack of collaboration among colleagues.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u201cThey take advantage of the vulnerability of false intellectuals. Additionally, there is a brutal pressure for productivity, which often becomes arbitrary.”<\/em> <\/p>\nJos\u00e9 Exequiel Basini Rodrigues<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Other Ways<\/strong> <\/h5>\n\n\n\n

In search for a response to this and other demands, somewhere around September, the outreach community project Science Room, of the Communication Agency of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, performed a panel \u201cThe price of science \u2013 approving of open scientific knowledge and national journals\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The event, which had an internet live transmission, gathered researchers from the southeast and northeast regions of the country. The social role of science was among the topics discussed. Monique Oliveira, journalist and postdoctoral researcher at UNICAMP, where she studies open science and scientific communication at the Laboratory of Inclusion in Communication and Science (LABinCC<\/a>), points out: “Science is a collective construction; it is a common good. We are not just dealing with evidence, but with society’s concerns.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The researcher also emphasizes that Open Science revolves around a series of participants\/parties that follow it and are related to scientific culture. She reflects: \u201cHow can this common good, which is not an individual endeavor but a collective one, be closed and privatized? Therefore, we have a scientific culture that contradicts the collective construction of science itself\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

She also believes that we need to appreciate what we already have. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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“<\/em>Scielo<\/em><\/a> is a database from the Global South, built over decades with quality criteria.\u201d<\/em> <\/p>\nMonique Oliveira\u00a0<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Executive Vice-President for Research from UESB (State University of Southwest Bahia) Rodrigo Rodrigues Silva goes farther: “In law, when there is double charging, they call it ‘Bis in idem’; in the case of science, there is a ‘Tris in idem’, because science is produced with public funding; to publish, the researcher has to pay; and to read it, one has to pay. There is a triple charge.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the other hand, he is optimistic about CAPES policy for the sector. CAPES pays 100 million dollars per year, 500 million reais, to allow access to paid-access journals. Getting free access or paying a cost-effective subscription fee would be the best condition for us. The Transformative Agreements<\/a> seem to be moving in that direction,\u201d he says. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Leticia Strehl also believes in the power of funding agencies to intervene in this scenario: “If Capes decides to turn open access the primary criterion above all else \u2014 and it has the power to do that \u2014 it will be game changer for the scientific publishing chain. The second requirement would be prestige, reputation, and the refusal to predatory pricing.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the CAPES\u2019 journals coordinator, the progress of the Open Access will be faced with some challenges. “In terms of policies and procedures, they should be enhanced with the broadest participation of the instances and stakeholders in research communication in Brazil, through the working group that will be created soon to address the issue and propose the design of the open access policy.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The necessity to raise awareness and to create means to allow social segments that need Science to be properly contemplated was another topic of the debate.  Monique, from LABinCC\/UNICAMP, says: “Science communication needs to provide citizens with continuous access to scientific information, information which needs to be open. We are talking about managers, various intermediaries, various sectors; we deal with socio-technical knowledge that depends on scientific knowledge.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The importance of valuing scientific dissemination was also highlighted at the event. Aline Ghilardi, professor at the Geology Department at UFRN, points out: “Not everyone necessarily needs to engage in scientific dissemination themselves, but they should support and collaborate with colleagues who do. Above all, they should value those who engage in this type of dissemination, not viewing it as a secondary activity for researchers, but recognizing that it is encouraging and productive for all, fulfilling the scientific higher end.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Decolonize Science<\/strong> <\/h5>\n\n\n\n

Another topic that emerges in debates about democratization of knowledge, and that also was discussed among the ones who were present at the panel \u201cThe price of science\u201d, is the dissemination of knowledge guided by a decolonized perspective. Aline Ghilardi elaborates on that: \u201cHigh-impact journals are concentrated in the Global North and charge researchers from the Global South in their currency. How accessible is science to be produced and disseminated here in the Southern Hemisphere?\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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“The scientific publishing standards that are followed have all been created in the West and exclude other ways of carrying out and communicating science. It’s an environment that is, by nature, exclusionary.”<\/em> <\/p>\nAline Ghilardi\u00a0<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

UFRGS\u2019 librarian, Leticia Strehl, who has been working with scientific communication for 20 years, has shed some light over the less prestigious sources of knowledge, but also notes the need to preserve data collection quality. She analyzes: “We don’t necessarily need to replicate the science done in the USA, Europe, or the Global North. We know they have centuries-old traditions in science. Naturally, we can learn from them. What we can’t do is compromise the ability for scientific results to be meaningful and not merely creative elaborations.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Professor Aline Ghirald invites us to reflect over the cultural values of science: “It is necessary to make information more accessible. Consider the possibility of attaching abstracts in different languages. How can we change the way publications are ranked by scientists? Could we prioritize domestic paths for institutional and academic journals? It is important to connect with society, the fundamental factor that drives science.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

The anthropologist Jos\u00e9 Rodrigues observes certain singularities in the way Latin America makes science that can sometimes lead to prejudice. As he explains it: “We have an essayistic writing style that is more based on storytelling, creating characters, episodes, context… Often, funding agencies are not interested in this; they want objective results. And this more narrative approach is seen as charlatanism.” <\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the other hand, he is mistrustful of some discourses which tend to homogenize the criticism: “There is a somewhat misguided way of combating what is called ‘Eurocentrism’. They impose a mandatory agenda of clich\u00e9s while the world discusses other things \u2013 such as NATO, Nazism, Ukraine, which deal with the world Foucault spoke of, biopolitics, more complex, more immanent.”\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Translated into English by Artur V\u00e1squez de Mello<\/strong>, undergraduate student enrolled in the course “Supervised Translation Training I (English)” of the Undergraduate Program in Language and Literature, under the supervision and translation revision of Professor Elizamari R. Becker (P.h.D.) – IL\/UFRGS.\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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