Exhibition Lectures Video Contest Code Breaker Culture

AI strong x weak

The philosopher John Searle provides in relation to AI:
• Strong AI: artificial intelligence systems can actually think and have a genuine mind. There were only simulations intelligence, but really thinking entities.
• weak AI: artificial intelligence systems can act as if they were smart. In this case, these systems would be at most, simulations intelligent behaviors.

The nine objections off Turing

In the article "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", Turing discusses nine possible objections to the possibility of making an artificial intelligence.

The theological objection

This objection assumes that human beings are endowed with an immortal soul and that soul immortal thought and that allows a potential God has given men and women with this strip, but did the same with animals and machines. Thus, neither animals nor machines could think. Turing does not accept any part of this argument, since for some dogmatic views nor women have a soul, which is in itself an absurd argument.

The objection Head in the sand

"The consequences of machines thinking would be terrible, so we can only hope and believe that this can not be done." Turing see this argument among intellectuals, proud of their "superior intelligence" and who find themselves threatened in case of a machine think it could be more intelligent than themselves. This argument is fallacious. The fact that we do not want something does not mean that this can not occur.

The mathematical objection

Mathematical logic can be used to show that there are limitations calculation in modern computers. The most well-known results of this type are Gödel's incompleteness theorems. Turing points out that, although it is known that there are limitations on the machines, we can not say that the human intellect has no limitations. Humans make mistakes and it does not shake the confidence that they are intelligent.

The argument from conscience

To consider an intelligent machine, it would not be enough to write a sonnet, she should also know who wrote it. No mechanism could feel pleasure in their successes, or feel pain, feel humiliated by their mistakes or depressed when they did not get what you want. Turing see this statement as an assumption of awareness of the need for intelligence.

The inability

Suppose disabilities for which the machines would never be smart. Turing raises some of these disabilities, how to be gentle, take initiative, sense of humor, tell right from wrong, fall in love, etc.. He points out that, generally, no evidence is offered to support these arguments. Also comments that what leads people to believe these disabilities are the experiences they had with previous machines limited.

The Lady Lovelace's objection

Based on the story of Ada Byron (Lady Lovelace) on the analytical engine of Charles Babbage, a machine has no pretensions to originate anything new, can do only what we know how to progam it. This does not prevent us to build a machine that thinks for itself, or, in biological terms, it is not possible to provide a machine of conditioned reflexes that can serve as a basis for learning.

The continuity

The brain is not a discrete state machine. A small difference in the received signal in the neuron generates large differences in output signal. Turing predicted that this could be used as an argument against the possibility of thinking machines. Although Turing agree with the fact that there is this fundamental difference between brains and digital computers, he disagrees that this fact impede thinking machines.

The informabilidade

Part of the assumption that it is not possible to determine the entire set of rules that describe what a person should do in every possible circumstance, and assumes an additional assumption that there is a set of rules that determines what a machine should do in every situation possible. Turing states that have the behavior governed by a set of rules of behavior implies being a machine, the opposite being true.

The extrasensory argument

In 1950 the search for extra-sensory perception was pretty active. Supposedly, an interrogator could telepathically identify the man, in a given test. Turing discussed the possibilities to circumvent this. A possible machine sensitive to telepathy, for example, nullify this advantage. Another possibility would be the isolation of the speaker in a room as possible proof of telepathy.

A little history

The interest in the development of intelligent artificial entities participating in the imagination of mankind for a long time. At the same time, attempts to build intelligent robots are also quite old and occurred at various points throughout history, illustrating the intellectual interest in accessing the underlying principles of intelligence. This imagery drew a long way, culminating in the consolidation of a scientific discipline that investigates the issue from the scientific point of view contemporary. Turing's paper in 1950, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", discusses the possibility of thinking machines, explicitly putting the matter to the relevant scientific community modern and discussing it. This work crystallizes the idea of possibility of a machine behave intelligently, provided that is adequately programmed for this. The name "Artificial Intelligence", and the formal establishment of an Area Research eat this name occurred in 1956 at a conference at Dartmouth College (Buchanan, 2005). At this conference, research proposals were discussed which orientate the early work of this scientific discipline.

Downloads:

Artificial Intelligence

Address:

Country: Brasil: Cittu: Porto Alegre; Instituto de Informática; Campus do Vale; Post Box 15064; Phone +55 (51) 3308 6168; Fax +55 (51) 3308 7308; Email:alanturing@ufrgs.br