TG: material (cilindro sonoro)(por)
UP (é traduzido por): wax-coated cardboard(eng)
UP (é traduzido por): cire sur carton(fre)
UP (é traduzido por): cera sobre cartón(spa)
UP (é traduzido por): wax-coated cardboard(eng)
UP (é traduzido por): cire sur carton(fre)
UP (é traduzido por): cera sobre cartón(spa)
Definição do conceito
[POR] cera sobre papelão : Tipo de cilindro produzido somente pela empresa Graphophone de 1886 a 1888. Duração 2 min (TRINATAFYLLOU, Andreas).
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[ENG] wax-coated cardboard wax: Following seven years of research and experimentation at their Volta Laboratory, Charles Sumner Tainter, Alexander Graham Bell, and Chichester Bell introduced wax as the recording medium and engraving, rather than indenting, as the recording method. In 1887, their "Graphophone" system was being put to the test of practical use by official reporters of the US Congress, with commercial units later being produced by the Dictaphone Corporation. After this system was demonstrated to Edison´s representatives, Edison quickly resumed work on the phonograph. He settled on a thicker all-wax cylinder, the surface of which could be repeatedly shaved down for reuse. Both the Graphophone and Edison´s "Perfected Phonograph" were commercialized in 1888. Eventually, a patent-sharing agreement was signed and the wax-coated cardboard tubes were abandoned in favor of Edison´s all-wax cylinders as an interchangeable standard format. | SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonograph_cylinder
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[ENG] The Earliest Wax Cylinders (1887–1894) After Edison´s pioneering work in tinfoil recording, his laboratory focused on the invention of the incandescent light bulb and the development of the underlying infrastructure that would ultimately support its widespread adoption. Where Edison left off, Alexander Graham Bell, his cousin Chichester, and Charles Sumner Tainter filled the void and began tinkering with Edison´s design. By the mid-1880s, their efforts resulted in several key technological sound recording developments—in particular, the establishment of wax as the new medium of choice and the design of a cutting stylus that would etch a groove, as opposed to just making an indentation, as the tinfoil phonograph had done. These advances, which allowed for a more durable sound recording of better quality, were crucial for the subsequent development of the cylinder medium as well as the immediate commercial viability of the three men´s cylinder machine, the Graphophone, initially sold through the nascent Columbia company. Edison, having initially been approached as a collaborator, rebuffed the trio, returning instead to improve upon his original invention by himself. By the time the Graphophone debuted in 1887, he picked up where the trio´s developments left off, determined to do even better. | Edison´s work, as well as his canny marketing abilities, paid off. By the late 1890s, following several refinements to the wax medium. | SOURCE: https://cylinders.library.ucsb.edu/history-wax.php
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[FRE] cire sur carton : Ce n´est qu´à partir de 1887 que l´on développe des cylindres de matières cireuses (souvent appelés « cylindres en cire d´abeilles ») : ozokérite enduite sur tube de carton (c´est le procédé initial du Graphophone à cylindres de Bell et Tainter) | SOURCE: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylindre_phonographique
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[SPA] cera sobre cartón : Thomas Edison concibió el fonógrafo el 18 de julio de 1877 para grabar mensajes telefónicos, usando papel encerado en su primera prueba. En las primeras versiones en producción, las grabaciones se realizaban sobre la superficie exterior de una tira de papel de estaño enrollada alrededor de un cilindro giratorio de metal. En la década de 1880 se empezaron a producir en masa los cilindros de cera. Estos contenían las grabaciones de sonido en surcos sobre el exterior de unos cilindros huecos de cera ligeramente blanda. Estos cilindros se podían retirar y colocar con facilidad en el mandril de la máquina que los reproducía. Las primeras grabaciones en cilindro se solían desgastar tras haber sido reproducidos unas pocas decenas de veces; el comprador podía entonces retornar el cilindro gastado al vendedor para cambiarlo por un crédito parcial que le servía para adquirir nuevas grabaciones, o para pulirlo de nuevo para que se pudieran realizar nuevas grabaciones sobre él. En 1890, Charles Tainter patentó el uso de cera de carnaúba como sustituto de la típica mezcla de parafina y cera alba utilizada en los cilindros de fonógrafo. | FUENTE: https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cilindro_de_fon%C3%B3grafo
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