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• This list includes abbreviations and acronyms regarding :

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• combining prefixes
• statistical terms
• chemical elements (and their main isotopes) according to Berzelius' convention
• single-letter and three-letters (normal and modified) amino acid nomenclature
• (normal and modified) nucleotide nomenclature
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• project names (e.g. : HGP, HGDP, ...)
• Abbreviations and acronyms are listed in alphabetical order. The symbols :
• - (hyphen)
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eventually present in the abbreviation or in the acronym, are ignored when positioning it in the list. The complete and correct form of the abbreviation or of the acronym is given in the round parenthesis after the definition.
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• Some definitions include abbreviations or acronyms, too : obviously they're enclosed in this list.
• Greek letters are treated and listed as latinized word components according to the following table :

alfa (A, a) = A, a
beta (B, b) = B, b
gamma (G, g) = G, g
delta (D, d) = D, d
epsilon (E, e) = E, e
zeta (Z, z) = Z, z
eta (H, h) = H, h
theta (Q, q) = Q, q
iota (I, i) = I, i
kappa (K, k) = K, k
lambda (L, l) = L, l
mi / mu (M, m) = M, m
ni / nu (N, n) = N, n
xi (X, x) = X, x
omicron (O, o) = O, o
pi (P, p) = P, p
ro (R, r) = R, r
sigma (S, s) = S, s
tau (T, t) = T, t
upsilon (U, u) = U, u
fi (F, f) = F, f
chi (C, c) = C, c
psi (Y, y) = Y, y
omega (W, w) = W, w
• Words in languages other than English are represented in tilted characters.
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• Some abbreviations are considered wrong by official conventions : they've been inserted in this list because of their wide use in practice.
• Please make attention with the following alternative spellings :

haem / heme , tumor / tumour , fetal / foetal , leukaemia / leukemia
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• uncommon cell lines
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• covalent double-bond number (e.g. LTC₄, LTD₄, LTE₄, LTF₄,...)
• regularly-named biochemical compounds (e.g. : NO, CO, Fe₃O₄, OsO₄, CN^-, N₃^-, AgNO₃, CCl₄, Al₂O₃, ...)
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5) Acronym Finder at Wiley Interscience
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I shall not under any circumstances be liable for the completeness or accuracy of the data used in this database or for any injury and /or damage to property or persons arising from the use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in or referenced to in such material. I recommend independent verification of all data. Anybody may use the Database for research and educational purposes only, and may not publish, reproduce, transmit, store in any information retrieval system, or otherwise make available or sell the contents, whether in hard copy, electronically transmitted or any other form, and whether for commercial or other purposes, other than for the above mentioned purposes.

- K -

K : 1) kilo (k) ; 2) constant (k/K) ; 3) Lys ; 4) cytokeratin ; 5) kelvin (degree) (°K) ; 6) kalium (i.e. : potassium) ; 7) killer (cell) ; 8) ketone (i.e. : G or T in base codes)

K_a : association constant

KAc : potassium acetate

kan^R : kanamycin resistance

KARAP : killer activating receptor associated protein

kat : katal (unit)

KB : kinase buffer

KCT : kaolin coagulation time

KD : 1) dissociation constant or distribution coefficient (K_d) ; 2) ketosteroid ; 3) Kennedy's disease ; 4) kinase dead

KDEL : Lys-Asp-Glu-Leu

KDP : Komeda diabetes-prone (rat strain)

KGF : keratinocyte growth factor

KH : K homology

KI : 1) knock in ; 2) inhibition constant (K_I)

kilo : 1) 10³ ; 2) kilogram

KiMSV : Kirsten murine sarcoma virus

KINH : inhibition constant (K_INH)

KIR : 1) K⁺ inward rectifier (channel) (Kir) ; 2) killer cell Ig-like (or inhibitory) receptor

KKXX : Lys-Lys-Xaa-Xaa

KLH : keyhole limpet hemocyanin

KLP : kinesin-like protein

KLR : killer cell lectin-like receptor

KM : Michaelis constant (K_M or K_m)

KNF : Koshland, Nemethy and Filmer (model)

KO : knock out

KPBS : potassium PBS

KR : kringle

KRAB : Kruppel associated box

KRB : Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate (buffer)

KrinD : kringle-like domain

KRP : kinesin-related protein

KS : Kaposi's sarcome

KSHV : KS herpesvirus

KSR : kinase suppressor of Ras

KSS : Kearns-Savre syndrome

kt : kinetoplastid

KU : Kunitz

K_v : voltage gated K⁺ channel

- L -

L : 1) ligand; 2) larger form among isoforms derived from an alternatively spliced mRNA (_L) ; 3) large (subunit ribosomal protein) ; 4) liter (L) ; 5) Leu ; 6) liver ; 7) long lasting ; 8) LINE ; 9) loose (conformation) ; 10) leukocyte ; 11) light ; 12) lumbar vertebra ; 13) linking number (L)

LA : 1) latex agglutination ; 2) linoleic acid ; 3) left atrium

LAAM : (L)-a-acetyl-methadol

lab : laboratory

LABA : long-acting b₂ agonist

LAC : 1) lupus anticoagulant ; 2) LaCrosse (virus)

LacCer : lactosylceramide

LACI : lipoprotein-associated coagulation inhibitor

LACK : Leishmania homolog of mammalian RACK1

LAD : leukocyte adhesion deficit

LAGLI-DADG : Leu-Ala-Gly-Leu-Ile Asp-Ala-Asp-Gly

LAK : lymphokine activated killer

LALN : lung-associated lymph nodes

LAM : 1) lipoarabinomannan ; 2) laminin (domain) (Lam)

LAMP : 1) lysosomal-membrane-associated (glyco)protein ; 2) limbic system-associated membrane protein

LAN : local administrator of the net

LAP : 1) latency associated protein ; 2) Leu-aminopeptidase

L-AP4 : L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutanoic acid

LAR : late allergic response

LARC : liver- and activation-regulated chemokine

LARD : lymphocyte-associated receptor of death

LARS : line analogue rating scales for sedation

LAS : lymphoadenopathy syndrome

LASER : light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

LAT : 1) linker for activation of T cells ; 2) latency associated transcript

LATS : long acting thyroid stimulator

LAV : lymphoadenopathy associated virus

LAZ : lymphoma-associated zinc finger

LB : 1) left border ; 2) libra (i.e. : pound) (lb) ; 3) Lewy body

LBD : ligand binding domain

LBP : 1) LPS binding protein ; 2) low back pain ; 3) laminin-binding protein

LBPA : lysobiphosphatic acid

LBR : lamin binding protein

LBRF : louse-borne relapsing fever

L-broth : Luria broth

LC : 1) (dynein) light chain, cytoplasmic ; 2) lactacystin ; 3) liquid chromatography ; 4) Langerhans cell

LCA : leukocyte common Ag

LCAT : lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase

LCC : liver-specific CC chemokine

LCCL : Limulus factor C, Coch-5b2 and LGL1 (domain)

Lck : L(YSTRA) c(ell) k(inase)

LCL : lymphoblastoid cell line

LCM : 1) lymphocytic choriomeningitis ; 2) laser capture microdissection

LCMV : lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus

LCOS : low cardiac output syndrome

LCP : linkage control package

LCR : 1) locus control region ; 2) ligase chain reaction

LCV : left superior cava vein

LD : 1) linkage disequilibrium ; 2) long-day

LD₅₀ : lethal dose median

LDA : limiting diluition analysis

LDAO : lauryldodecylamine oxide

LDD : Lhermitte-Duclos disease

LDH : lactate dehydrogenase

LDL : low-density lipoprotein

LD-MS : laser-assisted desorption mass spectroscopy

LE : late endosome

LEC : liver-expressed chemokine

LECAM : lectin CAM

LED : light-emitting diode

LEF : lymphocyte enhancer-binding factor

LEHD : Leu-Glu-His-Asp

LEM : leukocyte endogenous mediator

LEP : 1) leptin ; 2) low egg passage (virus)

LES : lower esophageal sphinter

LET . linear energy transfer

LEU : 1) leucine (Leu) ; 2) low-enriched uranium

LEUHR : low energy ultra high-resolution (parallel hole collimator)

LEVD : Leu-Glu-Val-Asp

LF : lactoferrin (Lf)

LFA : leukocyte (lymphocyte) function-associated Ag

LFT : liver function tests

LGC : laboratory of the government chemist

LGL : 1) large granular lymphocyte ; 2) lethal giant-larvae (Lgl)

lgp : lysosomal glycoprotein

LGS : Langer-Giedion syndrome

LGT : lateral gene transfer

LGV : lymphogranuloma venereum

LH : 1) luteinizing hormone ; 2) lypoxygenase homology (domain)

LHA : lateral hypothalamic area

LHC : large hadron collider

LHON : Leber hereditary optic neuropathy

LHRH : LH-releasing hormone

LI : lobular index

LIBC : latent iron-binding capacity

LIC-PCR : ligation independent cloning of PCR products

LIDAR : light detection and ranging

LIF . 1) leukaemia inhibiting factor ; 2) laser-induced fluorescence

LIFR : LIF receptor

lig : ligament

LIM : 1) lymphoid inducing microenvironment ; 2) limit (lim) ; 3) Lin-11, Isl-1, Mec-3 (Zn binding domain)

LIMS : laboratory information management system

LIN : lineage marker (lin)

LINAC : linear accelerator

LINE : long interspersed element

LIP : 1) (PKC)l-interacting protein ; 2) lateral intraparietal area ; 3) lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia

LIPID : long-term intervention with pravastatin in ischaemic disease

LIR : leukocyte inhibitory (or Ig-like) receptor

LISS : low-ionic-strength saline

LIT : lymphocyte inhibitor of TRAIL

LIX : lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine

LJ : Lennard-Jones (parameters)

LKLF : lung Kruppel-like factor

LKN : leukotactin (Lkn)

LL : lower left

LLAT : lysolecithin:lecithin acyltransferase

LLC : Lewis lung carcinoma

LLD : left lateral decubitus

LLO : listeriolysin O

LLTP : late LTP (L-LTP)

LM : 1) ligation-mediated ; 2) littermate

LMA : laryngeal mask airway

LMB : leptomycin B

LME : L-Leu methyl ester

LMM : light meromyosin

LMNC : 1) lung mononuclear cell ; 2) liver mononuclear cell

LMP : latent membrane protein

LM-PCR : ligand- (or ligation-) mediated PCR

LMR : lemur

LMT : low melting temperature

LMP : latent membrane protein

LMWC : low molecular weight component

LMWH : low molecular weight heparin

LMWP : low molecular weight phosphatase (domain)

LN : 1) lymph node ; 2) natural logarithm (ln) ; 3) laminin

LNA : a-linolenic acid

LNAME : L-N^G-nitrosoarginine methyl ester (L-NAME)

LNC : lymph node cell

LNFP : lacto-N-neofucopentaose

LNGV : Langur virus

LNIT : local nasal immunotherapy

LNL : lymph node lymphocyte

LNMMA : N^G-methyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA)

LO : lypooxygenase

LOC : level of consciousness

LOD : 1) logarithm of the odds; 2) limit of detection

LOF : loss-of-function

log : logarithm

LOH : loss of heterozigosity (LOH/LoH)

LOI : loss of imprinting

LOMO : lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

LOQ : limit of quantitation

LOS : lipooligosaccharide

LOX : 1) lipoxygenase ; 2) lectin-like oxLDL (receptor)

LP : lamina propria

LPA : 1) lysophosphatidic acid ; 2) linear polyacrylamide

LPC : lysophosphatidylcholine

LPCVD : low-pressure chemical vapour deposition

LPDS : lipoprotein-deficient serum

LPH : lipotropin

LPL : 1) lipoprotein lipase ; 2) lysophospholypase

LPR : 1) lymphoproliferative response ; 2) late phase reaction

LPS : lipopolysaccharide

LPTA : lysophospholypid transacylase

LQT : long QT syndrome

LRC : leukocyte receptor cluster

LRD : Leu-rich domain

LRI : lower respiratory tract illness

LRP : LDL-receptor related protein

LRR : Leu-rich repeat

LRT : lower respiratory tract

LS : 1) large subunit of (Ls) ; 2) lateral septum ; 3) lung surfactant

LSB : long-spike burst

LSC : laser scanning cytometry

LSD : 1) lysosomal storage disease ; 2)  lysergic acid diethylamide ; 3) least significant difference

LSEC : liver sinusoidal endothelial cell

LSH : lutein-stimulating hormone

LSM : La(Sr)MnO₃

LSP : leukocyte-specific protein

LSS : lung surfactant system

LSSC : lumbosacral spinal cord

LST : land surface temperature

LT : 1) leukotriene ; 2) lymphotoxin ; 3) left (lt) ; 4) large tumour (antigen) ; 5) (heat-)labile toxin ; 6) loratadine ; 7) lung T cell ; 8) lethal toxin

LTA : lipoteichoic acid

LTBP : latent TGF-b binding protein

LTD : long-term depression

LTK : leukocyte tyrosine kinase

LTNP : long-term non-progressor

LTP : 1) lipid-transfer protein ; 2) long-term potentiation

LTR : long terminal repeats

LTRA : leukotriene receptor antagonist

LTS : low-temperature superconducting

LTSV : lucerne transient streak virusoid

LU : 1) lytic unit ; 2) Ly-6 Ag / uPAR-like domain

LUC : luciferase (LUC / luc)

LUMVEC : lung microvascular endothelial cell

lux : (bacterial) luciferase

LV : 1) lentiviral ; 2) left ventricle

LVA : low-voltage activated

LVAD : left ventricular assist device

LVEDD : left ventricular end diastolic diameter

LVL : large-volume leukapheresis

LVNC : left ventricular noncompaction

L & W : living and well

LY : 1) Lucifer Yellow ; 2) LDL-R YWTD (domain)

lymphs : lymphocytes

Lys : lysine

lyso- : deacylated phospholipid

LYVE : lymphatic vessel endothelial (hyaluronic acid receptor)

Lyx : lyxose

LYZ : lysozyme (domain)

LZ : Leu zipper

- M -

M : 1) mouse (m) ; 2) mammalian (m) ; 3) macrophage ; 4) morgan (unit) ; 5) milli (m) ; 6) molar (concentration) ; 5) micro (m) ; 6) meter (m) ; 7) Met ; 8) mega ; 9) muscarinic (AChR) ; 10) messenger (m) ; 11) mass (m) ; 12) microfold (cell) ; 13) murmur (m) ; 14) male ; 15) misce (i.e. : mix) (M.) ; 16) meta (m-) ; 17) metal ; 18) amino (i.e. : A or C in base codes) ; 19) membrane-anchoring hydrophobic domain (M) ; 20) medium (size) ; 21) membrane (glycoprotein) ; 22) matrix (protein) ; 23) metastatic status ; 24) monomeric (m)

M! : primary motor cortex

m1a : 1-methyladenosine

m1am : 2'-O-methyl-1-methyladenosine

m1f : 1-methylpseudouridine

m1g : 1-methylguanosine

m1i : 1-methylinosine

m22g : 2,2-dimethylguanosine

m22gm : N²,N²,3'-trimethylguanosine

m2a : 2-methyladenosine

m2g : 2-methylguanosine

m3c : 3-methylcytidine

m5c : 5-methylcytidine

m6a : N⁶-methyladenosine

M6PR : mannose-6-phosphate receptor

m7g : 7-methylguanosine

MA : 1) membrane Ag ; 2) mental age ; 3) methyl-accepting (chemotaxis-like domain) ; 4) matrix (protein)

MAAP : multiple arbitrary amplicon profiling

mAb : monoclonal Ab

MAC : 1) mammalian artificial chromosome ; 2) membrane attack complex ; 3) maximum allowable concentration ; 4) minimum alveolar concentration ; 5) Mycobacterium avium complex

MACE : major adverse cardiac events

MACH : MORT-associated CED-3 homologue

MACHR : muscarinic ACh receptor (mAChR)

MACPF : MAC perforin (domain)

MACS : magnetic-activated cell sorting

MAD : 1) Mothers against dpp (Mad) ; 2) multiple-wavelenght anomalous dispersion ; 3) mitotic arrest defective

MAdCAM : mucosal addressin CAM

MADD : MAPK activating DD

MADGE : microtiter (microplate) array diagonal gel electrophoresis

MAF : macrophage activating factor

MAG : 1) myelin-associated glycoprotein ; 2) monoacylglycerol

MAGP : microfibrill-associated glycoprotein

MAGUK : membrane-associated guanylate kinase

MAIDS : murine AIDS

MAK : macrophage-activated killer (cell)

MAL : 1) medullary ascending limb ; 2) MyD88-adapter like

MALDI-TOF : matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight

MALT : mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

MAM : meprin, A5, mu (domain)

mam5s2u : 5-methylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine

mam5u : 5-methylaminomethyluridine

Man : mannose

MANOVA : multivariate ANOVA

man q : b-D-mannosylqueuosine

MAO : monoamine oxidase

MAOI : MAO inhibitor

MAP : 1) microtubule-associated protein ; 2) mean arterial pressure ; 3) methyl-accepting protein ; 4) mitogen-activated protein ; 5) modified atmosphere packaging

MAP3K : MAPKKK

MAP4K : MAPKKKK

MAPC : multipotent adult progenitor cell

MAPK : mitogen-activated protein kinase

MAPKAP(K) : MAPK-activated protein kinase

MAPKKK : MAPKK kinase

MAPKKKK : MAPKKK kinase

MAPT : MAP tau

MAR : matrix-attachment region

MARCKS : myristoylated Ala-rich C-kinase substrate

MARS : marker assisted recurrent selection

MART : melanoma Ag recognized by T cells

MAS : marker assisted selection

MASDA : multiplexed allele-specific diagnostic assay

MASER : microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

MASP : MBL-associated Ser protease

MAST : magnetic-assisted subtractive technique

MAT : microscopic agglutination test

MATH : meprin and TRAF homology

MATS : marker addition through subtraction

MB : 1) myoglobin (Mb) ; 2) molecular beacons ; 3) membrane-bound ; 4) methylene blue

MBC : 1) maximal breathing capcity ; 2) minimal bactericidal concentration

MBCD : methyl-b-cyclodextrin

MBE : moving boundary electrophoresis

MBL : mannan-binding lectin

MBLdS : MBL-depleted serum

MBN : mung bean nuclease

Mbo : Moraxella bovis

MBP : 1) major basic protein ; 2) Man-binding protein ; 3) myelin basic protein ; 4) mean blood pressure ; 5) maltose binding protein

MC : 1) mast cell ; 2) mononuclear cell ; 3) mesangial cell

MCA : 1) minimum cross-sectional area; 2) 20-methylcholanthrene

MCAD : medium-chain acyl coenzyme A dehydrogenase

MCAF : monocyte chemotactic activating factor

MCAM : melanoma CAM

MCB : medullary carcinoma of the breast

MCC : 1) moth cytochrome c ; 2) mutated in colon cancer

MCD : 1) multicentric Castleman disease ; 2) magnetic CD ; 3) methylcyclodextran

MCE : magnetocaloric effect

MCF : 1) microcomplement fixation ; 2) mean channel fluorescence

MCG : 1) mast cell granule ; 2) microgram (mcg)

MCH : 1) mammalian CED-3 homologue (Mch) ; 2) melanin-concentrating hormone ; 3) mean cell (RBC) Hb ; 4) metacholine (MCh)

MCHC : mean cell (RBC) Hb concentration

Mcl : myeloid cell leukemia

MCM : 1) mucous cell metaplasia ; 2) minichromosome maintenance ; 3) monocyte-conditioned medium

mcm5s2u : 5-methoxycarbonylmethyl-2-thiouridine

mcm5u : 5-methoxycarbonylmethyluridine

MCMD : minor cognitive/motor disorder

MCMV : murine CMV

MCP : 1) monocyte chemoattractant protein ; 2) major cofactor protein ; 3) multicatalytic proteinase ; 4) macrophage chemotactic protein ; 5) mast cell protease

MCPP : m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP)

MCS : 1) master cell stock ; 2) multiple cloning site

MCTD : mixed connective tissue disease

MCV : 1) mean cell (RBC) volume ; 2) (avian) myelocytomatosis virus

MD : 1) mean deviation-mean defect ; 2) molecular dynamics ; 3) myotonic dystrophy

MDA : 1) methylenedioxyamphetamine ; 2) melanoma differentiation Ag (mad) ; 3) malonyl-dialdehyde

MDADS : multiparameter data acquisition and display system

MDC : macrophage-derived chemokine

MDCK : Madin-Darby canine kidney (epithelial cell)

MDCT : mouse distal convoluted tubule (cell)

MDEG : mammalian degenerin (homologue)

MDF : myocardial depressant factor

MDFW : modifier of DFW

mdg : modifier gene

MDH : malate dehydrogenase

m.dict. : modo dictu (i.e. : as directed)

MDM : 1) murine DM ; 2) monocyte-derived macrophage

MDMA : methylenedioxymethamphetamine

MDP : methylene diphosphonate

MDR : 1) multidrug resistance ; 2) minimum daily requirement

MDS : 1) myelodisplastic syndrome ; 2) frequency domain spectroscopy

MDT : mean death time

ME : 1) median eminence ; 2) methyl (Me/me)

MEA : membrane-electrode assembly

MEC : 1) mucosae-associated epithelial chemokine ; 2) minimum effective concentration ; 3) mouse embryonic cell

MeCP : methyl-CpG (binding) protein

MED : 1) minimum ED ; 2) medical, medicine (med) ; 3) minimal erythema (or erythemogenic) dose

MEF : 1) myocyte enhancer factor ; 2) murine embyonic fibroblast ; 3) maximal expiratory flow

Meg : megakaryocyte

mega : 10⁶

MEK : MAPK/ERK kinase

MEKC : micellar electrokinetic capillary chromatography

MEKK : MEK kinase

MEL : melatonin

MELAS : mitochondrial encephalomiopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes

MEL(C) : murine erythroleukaemia (cell)

MEM : 1) (Eagle's) minimum essential medium

MEN : 1) multiple endocrine neoplasia ; 2) mitotic exit network

MeOH : methanol

MEOS : microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system

MEP : 1) megakaryocyte-erythrocyte progenitor; 2) motor-evoked potential ; 3) maximum expiratory pressure

MEPP : miniature end-plate potential

MERLIN : multipoint engine for rapid likelihood inference

MES : 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid

meso- : chiral centers-containing achiral amino acid

MESV : murine embryonic stem cell virus

Met : methionine

MEU : medium-enriched uranium

MF : 1) mother's father ; 2) macrophage (Mf) ; 3) mitogenic factor

MFF : mycophenolate mofetil

MFGM : milk-fat globular membrane proteins

MFI : 1) mean fluorescence intensity ; 2) maternal floor infarction

M-FISH : multiplex FISH

MFM : magnetic force microscopy

MFO : mixed-function oxygenase

MFPK : multifunctional protein kinase

MFV : multi-foci inducing virus

MG : myasthenia gravis

MG132 : carbobenzoxy-L-leucyl-L-leucyl-L-leucinal

MGC : multi-glycosylated core (protein)

MGDG : monogalactosyldiacylglycerol

MGE : mobile genetic element

MGSA : melanoma growth stimulating activity

MGUS : monoclonal gammapathy of uncertain (or undetermined) significance

MH : microcell hybrid

MHAG : minor histocompatibility antigen (mHag)

MHC : 1) major histocompatibility complex ; 2) myosin heavy chain

MHCK : myosin II heavy chain kinase

MHV : 1) murine herpesvirus ; 2) Mill Hill virus ; 3) mouse hepatitis virus

MIAME : minimum information about a microarray experiment

MIBE : measles inclusion bodies encephalitis

MIC : minimal inhibitory concentration

MICA : MHC-class-I-chain related A (Ag)

MICB : MHC-class-II-chain related B (Ag)

MICE : mini-ICE

micro : 1) 10^-6 ; 2) microscopic

MID : multi-infarct dementia

MIDAS : metal ion-dependent adhesion site

MIDD : mitochondrial diabetes and deafness

MIF : 1) maximal inspiratory flow ; 2) macrophage migration inhibitory factor

MIG : monokine induced by interferon gamma

milli : 10^-3

MIM : multilateral initiative on malaria

MIN : 1) minute (min) ; 2) minimum (min) ; 3) minisatellite (or microsatellite) instability ; 4) mammary intraepithelial neoplasia

MIP : 1) mobilferrin-integrin pathway ; 2) macrophage inflammatory protein ; 3) maximum inspiratory pressure

MIR : monocyte-macrophage receptor

MIRL : membrane inhibitor of reactive lysis

MIRR : multi-subunit immune recognition receptor

MIS : mucosal immune system

MIT : 1) monoiodotyrosine ; 2) Massachussetts institute of technologies

MITE : miniature inverted-repeat transposable element

MITR : MEF2 interacting transcriptional repressor

MIWD : mean integrated weight difference

MJ : methyl jasmonate

MJD : Machado-Joseph disease

MKK : MAP kinase kinase

MKP : MAP kinase phosphatase

ML : montelukast

MLB : maximum likelihood binomial

MLC : 1) mixed lymphocyte culture ; 2) myosin light chain

MLCK : myosin II DTNB light chain (serine/threonine) kinase

MLCP : myosin II DTNB light chain phosphatase

MLEC : mixed lymphocyte-endothelial cell culture

MLEE : multi-locus enzyme electrophoresis

MLIAP : melanoma IAP

MLL : mixed-lineage leukemia

MLK : 1) mixed lineage (or multilineage) kinase

MLN : 1) mediastinal lymph node ; 2) mesenteric lymph nodes

MLP : 1) muscle LIM-domain protein ; 2) multipotent lymphoid progenitor ; 3) multilineage progenitor (assay)

MLR : mixed leukocyte reaction

Mls, minor lymphocyte stimulating

MLV : murine leukaemia virus

MLVA : multi-locus VNTR analysis

MM : 1) millimicro (i.e. : nano) (mm) ; 2) mother's mother ; 3) multiple myeloma

MMA : methylmethacrylate

MMAD : mass median aerodynamic diameter

MMC : 1) migrating myoelectric complex ; 2) mucosal mast cell ; 3) mitomycin C

MMCP : mouse mast cell protease

MMCT : microcell-mediated chromosome transfer

MMDB : molecular modeling database

MMEF : maximal mid-expiratory flow

MMFRR : mid-maximal flow rate ratio

MMN : mismatch negativity

m-MNT : 2-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-naphtho[1,2-d]thiazole

MMP : 1) matrix metalloproteinase ; 2) mitochondrial membrane potential

MMPI : 1) matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor ; 2) Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

MMR : 1) measles, mumps and rubella (vaccine) ; 2) mismatch repair ; 3) macrophage mannose receptor

MMS : methylmethanesulfonate

MMT : methylcyclopentadienyl Mn tricarbonyl

MMTV : murine (or mouse) mammary tumour virus

MN : metanephrine

MNASE : micrococcal nuclease (MNase)

MNC : mononuclear cell

MNK : MAP kinase-interacting kinase

MnTBAP : Mn(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid) porphyrin

MNU : methylnitrosourea

Mo : 1) motilin ; 2) month (mo)

mo5u : 5-methoxyuridine

MOD : model-organism DB

MODS : multiple organ dysfunction syndrome

MODY : maturity-onset diabetes of the young

MOE : main olfactory epithelium

MOF : multi-organ failure

MOG : myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein

MOI : multiplicity of infection

MOKE : magneto-optic Kerr-effect

mol : mole

MoMLV : Moloney murine leukaemia virus

MoMSV : Moloney murine sarcoma virus

MONA : morphine, oxygen, nitroglycerin and aspirin

MOPEG : 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylethylene

MOPN : mouse pneumonitis (MoPn)

MOPS : 4-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid

MOTT : mycobacteria other than tuberculosis

MOZ : monocytic leukaemia zinc finger

MP : 1) melting point (m.p.) ; 2) monophosphate ; 3) motor practice ; 4) mononuclear phagocyte ; 5) mercaptopurine

MPA : 1) mycophenolic acid ; 2) medroxyprogesterone acetate

MPC : Merwin plasma cell (tumor line)

MPD : 1) minimal phototoxic dose ; 2) myeloproliferative disorder

MPF : maturation (or mitosis)-promoting factor

MPGES : membrane-bound PGE₂ synthase (mPGES)

MPI : 1) myeloperoxidase index ; 2) Mannheim peritonitis index

MPIF : myeloid progenitor inhibitory factor

MPL : monophosphoryl lipid A

MPMV : Mason-Pfizer monkey virus

MPO : myeloperoxidase

MPR : 1) most parsimonious reconstruction ; 2) mannose-6-phosphate receptor

MPSV : myeloproliferative sarcoma virus

MPTP : methylphenytetrahydropyridine

MPV : 1) mutant prevention concentration ; 2) mean platelet volume

MPXI : myeloperoxidase index

MR : 1) (relative) molecular mass (M_r) ; 2) mineralcorticoid receptor ; 3) Man receptor

MRA : maximum rate of depolarization

MRC : medical research council

MRD : maximum rate of depolarization

MRE : 1) meiotic recombination ; 2) metal RE

MRF : midbrain reticular formation

MRFIT : multiple risk factor intervention trial

MRI : magnetic resonance imaging

MRIT : Mach-related inducer of toxicity

MRP : 1) MDR-associated protein ; 2) myeloid-related protein ; 3) MIF-related protein ; 4) multidrug resistance-associated protein

MRS : magnetic resonance spectroscopy

MRSA : methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

MRT : 1) mediator release test ; 2) movement reaction time

MSSA : methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

MS : 1) mass spectrometry or spectroscopy ; 2) medial septum ; 3) multiple-copy single-strand (ms) ; 4) multiple sclerosis ; 5) maturation shift

ms2i6a : 2-methylthio-N⁶-isopentenyladenosine

ms2t6a : N-((9-b-D-ribofuranosyl-2-methylthiopurin-6-yl)carbamoyl) threonine

mt6a : N-((9-b-D-ribofuranosylpurine-6-yl)N-methyl-carbamoyl) threonine

MSA : modulator of STAT activity

MSAP : methylation sensitive amplification polymorphism

MSC : 1) myeloid suppressor cell; 2) mesenchymal stem cell

MSG : monosodic Glu

MSH : 1) MutS homolog ; 2) melanocyte-stimulating hormone

MSI : microsatellite instability

MSIA : mass spectrographic immunoassay

MSK : mitogen and stress-activated kinase

MSLI : multistage liquid impinger

MS/MS : tandem MS

MSP : 1)  macrophage stimulating protein ; 2) merozoite surface protein ; 3) major surface protein

MSSA : methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus

MST : 1) mean survival time ; 2) microcoleus (Mst)

MSUM : monosodium urate monohydrate

MSV : 1) murine sarcome virus ; 2) Master seed virus

MT : 1) mitochondrial (mt) ; 2) middle tumour antigen (mT) ; 3) middle temporal (visual area) ; 4) motor threshold

MTAL : medullary thick ascending limb

MTALH : medullary thick ascending limb of Henle (mTALH)

MTase : methyltransferase

MTD : 1) multi-target detection ; 2) microfine titanium dioxide ; 3) maximum tolerated dose

MTEC : medullary TEC (mTEC)

MTF : metrifonate

MTHFR : 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase

MTK : MAP three kinase

MTOC : microtubule organization center

mTOR : mammalian target of rapamycin

MTP : microsomal triglyceride transfer protein

MTT : 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide

MTV : manually triggered ventilator

MULT : murine ULBP-like transcript

MuLV : murine leukemia virus

Mur : muramic acid

MurNAc : N-acetylmuramic acid

MuSK : muscle-specific kinase

mv : uridine-5-oxoacetic acid methylester

MVA : modified vaccinia virus Ankara

MVB : multivesicular body

MVD : microvessel density

MVLS : modified varicella-like syndrome

MVM : minute virus of mice

MVR-PCR : minisatellite variant repeat-specific PCR

MVV : maximal voluntary ventilation

MW : molecular weight

MWC : Monod, Wyman and Changeux (model)

MWT : maintenance of wakefulness test

MXH : mycophenolic acid/xanthine/hypoxanthine

Myc : (avian) my(el)c(ytomatosis virus)

MyD : myeloid differentiation factor

MyHC : myosin heavy chain

MYO : myosin

MyoD : myocyte differentiation

MyoD : myogenic determination factor

MYST : MOZ, YBF2/SAS3, SAS2 and TIP60

MZ : 1) marginal zone ; 2) monozygotic (twins)

MZB : mizoribine

MZM : marginal zone macrophage

- N -

N : 1) neural / nerve ; 2) nuclear (n) ; 3) Avogadro's number ; 4) nano (n) ; 5) Asn ; 6) neither L nor T ; 7) newton (unit) ; 8) number of theoretical plates ; 9) neurotensin ; 10) nucleoside (unknown) ; 11) normal (concentration) ; 12) number of observations in study or group (n) ; 13) number (n) ; 14) nut site (binding protein) ; 15) double covalent bond position in a FFA starting from methyl group (n) ; 16) A or C or G or T in base codes ; 17) neuraminidase serotype ; 18) nucleoprotein or nucleocapsid (protein) ; 19) lymph node status ; 20) natural (n)

NA : 1) not applicable ; 2) not available ; 3) neuraminidase

NAA : naphtalen acetic acid

NaAc : sodium acetate

NAADP : b-nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NAB : natural antibody (NAb)

NAC : N-acetylcysteine

NAD : b-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

NADD : NAD dehydrogenase

NADG : N-acetyl-D-glucosamine

NADP : b-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate

NAG : N-acetylglucosamine

NAI : naturally acquired immunity

NAIP : neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein

NALT : nasal-associated lymphoid tissue

NAM : N-acetylmuramic acid

NANA : N-acetyl neuraminic acid

NANC : non-adrenergic-non-cholinergic

nano : 10^-9

NANP : Asn-Ala-Asn-Pro

NAO : nucleus associated organelle

NAP : neutrophil-activatring peptide / protein

NAR : 1) nurse shark receptor ; 2) nitrate reductase

narc : narcotic, narcotism

NAS : 1) National Academy of Sciences ; 2) nonsense-associated altered splicing

NASBA : nucleic acid sequence-based amplification

NAT : 1) N-acetyltransferase ; 2) nucleic acid amplification testing

NB : 1) nucleus basalis ; 2) nucleotide-binding (site) ; 3) neuroblast

NBC : nuclear, biological and chemical (defense)

NBD : 1) nucleotide binding domain ; 2) 7-nitro-2-1,3-benzoxadiazol-4-yl ; 3) NEMO binding domain

NBK : natural born killer

NBS : 1) nucleotide-binding site ; 2) Nijmegen breakage syndrome ; 3) normal breath sound

NBT : nitro blue tetrazolium

Nbs₂ : DTNB

NBV : negative pressure body ventilation

NC : 1) nitrocellulose ; 2) nucleocapsid (protein) ; 3) noncleavable (peptide)

NCA : nonspecific cross-reacting antigen

NCBI : national center for biotechnology information

NCC : neurocysticercosis

NCD : non-communicable disease

NCE : new chemical entity

NCEP : national cholesterol education program

NCI : national cancer institute

NCMIC : neocentromere-based minichromosome (NC-MiC)

NCoR : nuclear receptor corepressor

NCR : noncoding region

NCS : newborn calf serum

NCSA : national center for supercomputing applications

NCX : Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchange

ND : 1) nuclear dots ; 2) not determined ; 3) no data provided

NDA : new drug application

NDF : 1) Neu differentiation factor ; 2) no disease found

Ndk : nucleoside diphosphate kinase

NDM : nondirectional movement

NDP : nucleoside 5'-diphosphate

NDRA : non-destructive rheumatoid arthritis

NE : norepinephrine

NEB : nuclear envelope breakdown

NEBD : nuclear envelope breakdown

NEC : necrotizing enterocolitis

NED : 1) neutral evolutionary distance ; 2) N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride

Nedd : neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated

NEFA : not-esterified fatty acid

neg : negative

Nek : NIMA-related kinase

NEMO : NFkB essential modulator

NEP : neutral endopeptidase

NEPHGE : nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis

NER : nucleotide excision repair

NES : nuclear export signal

NET : noepinephrine transporter

Neu : neu(roblastoma)

NeuNAc : N-acetylneuraminic acid

NeuroD : neurogenic differentiation

NF : 1) neurofibromin ; 2) nuclear factor ; 3) neurofilament ; 4) necrotizing fasciitis ; 5) national formulary

NFAT : nuclear factor of activated T cells

NFATP : preexisting NF-AT (NF-ATp)

NF-kB : nuclear factor k B

NFV : nefinavir

NGF : nerve growth factor

NH : neurohypophysial hormones

NHA : normal human astrocyte

NHBE : normal human bronchial epithelial cell

NHEJ : non-homologous end-joining

NHERF : Na/H exchanger regulatory factor

NHL : non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

NHLBI : national heart, lung , and blood institute

NHS : normal human serum

NI : neutralization index

NIAID : national institute of allergy and infectious diseases

NICER : NGF-inducible cAMP-extinguishable retrovirus-like

NICU : neonatal ICU

NID : NR-interacting domain

NIDA : national institute on drug abuse

NIDDM : non-IDDM

NIF : negative inspiratory force

NIFO : nifedipine oxidase

NIGMS : national institute of general medical sciences

NIH : national institutes of health

NIK : 1) Nck-interacting kinase ; 2) NF-kB-inducing kinase

NIL : near isogenic lines

Nim : never in mitosis

NIMA : never in mitosis A

NIMH : national institute of mental health

NIMV : noninvasive mechanical ventilation

NINDS : national institute of neurological disorders and stroke

NINT : national institute for nanotechnology

Ni-NTA : nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid

NIP : 1) 4-hydroxy-5-iodo-3-nitrophenyl ; 2) nineteen kDa interacting protein

NIPK : neuronal cell death inducible putative kinase

NIPP : nuclear inhibitor of PP

NIPPV : noninvasive intermittent positive pressure ventilation

NIR : 1) non-infectious rhinitis ; 2)  near-infrared

NIRF : near-infrared fluorescence

NIS : Na⁺-I^- symporter

NIST : national institute of standards and technology

NIV : noninvasive ventilation

NK : 1) natural killer (cell) ; 2) neurokinin

NKC : NK cell gene complex

NKT : NK T (cell)

Nle : norleucine

NLEA : nutrition labeling and education act

NLK : Nemo-like kinase

NLM : national library of medicine

NLS : nuclear localization signal (or sequence)

NM : neuromedin

NMD : nonsense-mediated (mRNA) decay

NMDA : N-methyl-D-Asp

NMJ : neuromuscular junction

NMN : nicotinamide mononucleotide

NMR : nuclear magnetic resonance

NMRC : naval medical research center

NMS : normal mouse serum

NMTS : nuclear matrix targeting signal

NMU : N-nitroso-N-methyl-urea

NNH : number needed to harm

NNR : neonatal neuronal retina

NNRTI : non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

NNT : number needed to treat

no. : number

NOD : non-obese diabetic

NOE : nuclear Overhauser effect

NOESY : nuclear Overhauser and exchange spectroscopy

NOFQ : nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ)

non rep. : non repetatur (i.e. : do not repeat)

NOR : 1) nucleolar organizer region ; 2) compound after removal of a methylene group (nor-)

norm : normal

NOS : nitric oxide (NO) synthase

Not : Norcadia otitidis-caviarum

NP : 1) Niemann-Pick (disease) ; 2) neuropeptide ; 3) neuropsychiatry ; 4) nucleoprotein ; 5) neuropilin ; 6) 4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl

NP-40 : Nonidet P-40

NPC : 1) nuclear pore complex ; 2) no previous complaint ; 3) nasopharyngeal carcinoma ; 4) neural progenitor cell

NPH : 1) normalized percentage of hybridization ; 2) no previous history ; 3) neutral protamine Hagedorn

nPKC : novel PKC

NPI : 1) nucleoprotein interactor ; 2) non-specific pneumonia interstitialis

NPL : 1) natural peptide library ; 2) non parametric LOD (score)

NPM : nucleophosmin

NPN : non protein nitrogen

NPO : nihil per os (i.e. : nothing by mouth) (n.p.o.)

NPPV : noninvasive positive pressure ventilation

NPT : neomicin phosphotransferase

NPY : neuropeptide Y

NR : 1) normal record ; 2) non repetatur (i.e. : not to be repeated) (n.r.) ; 3) nuclear receptor

NRAMP : natural resistance associated macrophage protein

NRE : negative regulatory element

NRF : 1) NF-E2-related factor (Nrf) ; 2) nuclear respiratory factor

Nrl : neural retina leucine zipper

NRS : normal rabbit serum

NRSE : neuron-restricted silencing element

NRSF : neuron-restricted silencing factor

NRTI : nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor

NRY : non-recombining region of the human Y chromosome

NS : 1) not significant ; 2) non-structural (viral protein) ; 3) Noonan syndrome ; 4) normal (human) serum

NSA : 1) national security agency ; 2) no significant abnormality

NSAA : nonsteroidal antiandrogen

NSAID : nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug

NSB : nonspecific binding

NSC : neural stem cell

NSCLC : non-small cell lung cancer

NSD : neutral sphingomyelinase-activating domain

NSE : 1) nonspecific esterase ; 2) neuron-specific enolase

NSF : 1)  N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein ; 2) national science fundation

NSI : non-syncitia inducing (HIV-1 strain)

NSILA(S) : non-suppressible insulin-like acting (substance)

NST : non stress test

NT : 1) nucleotide (nt) ; 2) not tested ; 3) neurotrophin ; 4) nuclear transfer

NTA : nitrilotriacetic acid

NTAL : non-T-cell activation linker

NTD : 1) N-terminal domain ; 2) neural tube defect

NTED : neonatal TSS-like exanthematous disease

NTF : nuclear transport factor

NTG : 1) nontransgenic (Ntg) ; 2) nitrosoguanidine

NTN : 1) N-terminal nucleophile (hydrolase) ; 2) neurturin

NTP : normal temperature and pressure

NTR : nitroreductase

NTS : 1) nephrotoxic serum ; 2) nucleus tractus solitarii

Nuc : nucleoside

NUMA : nuclear mitotic apparatus

Nurr : Nur-related (factor)

NV : 1) new variant (nv) ; 2) nausea and/or vomiting  (N/V) ; 3) neovascularization

NVA : 1) norvaline (Nva) ; 2) national vaccine authority

NVP : nevirapine

NZ : New Zealand

- O -

O : open (conformation) ; 2) ortho (o-) ; 3) oligosaccharide (Ag)

o5u : uridine-5-oxyacetic acid

OA : 1) osteoarthritis ; 2) ovarian-carcinoma Ag

OAA : oxalacetate

OAc : acetate

OAE : ocean anoxic event

OAF : osteoclast activating factor

OATP : organic anion transporter

OB : 1) obstetrics ; 2) olfactory bulb

OB-GYN : obstetrics and gynecology

OBS : observed (Obs./obs)

OC : 1) osteoclast ; 2) optic chiasm

OCD : 1) organic cationic drug ; 2) obsessive-compulsive disorder

OCIF : osteoclastogenesis-inhibitory factor

OCL : osteoclast-like cell

OCT : 1) octamer-binding factor ; 2) optimal cutting temperature (compound)

OCTD : overlapping connective tissue disease

OGP : 1-octyl-b-D-glucopyranoside (buffer)

OD : 1) optical density ; 2) outside diameter (o.d.) ; 3) omni die (i.e. : every day) (o.d.) ; 4) oculus dextrus (i.e. : right eye) (o.d.)

ODC : ornithine decarboxylase

ODD : oxygen-dependent domain

ODF : osteoclast differentiation factor

ODN : oligodeoxynucleotide

ODQ : 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one

O/E : on examination

OECD : organization for economic co-operation and development

OER : oxygen enhancement ratio

OFAGE : orthogonal field alternated gel electrophoresis

OFID : optical frequency interval divider

OG : 7,8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine

OH : omni hora (i.e. : every hour) (o.h.)

OHC : outer hairy cell

OHSS : ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

OHSU : Oregon Health and Science University

OI : opportunistic infection

OIA : oil-induced arthritis

OK : opossum kidney

OLA : oligonucleotide ligation assay

OLB : open lung biopsy

OLF : olfactomedin (-like domain)

OM : omni mane (i.e. : every morning) (o.m.)

OMALT : organized MALT (O-MALT)

OMCD : outer medullary collecting duct

OMCT : outer medullary collecting tubule

OMH : optimal matching hydrophobicity

OMM : outer mitochondrial membrane

OMT : O-methyltransferase

ON : omni nocte (i.e. : every night) (o.n.)

ONL : outer nuclear layer

ONP : O-nitrophenol

ONPG : O-nitrophenyl-b-D-galactopiranoside

ONR : office of naval research

OP : 1) oligonucleotide polymorphism ; 2) operation ; 3) osteopontin ; 4) oxygenic photosynthesis

o-PABA : octyl-N-dimethyl-PABA

OPAV : ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma virus

OPBP : off-patent biotech product

OPC : outpatient clinic

OPD : 1) o-phenyldiamine (buffer) ; 2) outpatient department

OPG : 1) osteoprotegerin ; 2) oxalase-phenol-glycerin (preservative solution)

Ophth : ophthalmology

opp : opposite, opposed

OPR : 1) octicosapeptide repeat ; 2) observed prothrombin ratio

OPRR : office for protection from research risks

OPS : outpatient section (or service)

OPV : oral polio vaccine

OR : 1) odds ratio ; 2) operating room ; 3) olfactory (odorant) receptor

ORC : origin-recognition complex

ORD : optical rotation dispersion

ORF : open reading frame

org : organism, organic

ORI : ori(gin of replication)

ORK : OR kinase

ORL : opioid receptor-like

Orn : ornithine

ORS : oral rehydration salts

ORT : oral rehydration therapy

OS : 1) osmotic ; 2) operating system ; 3) oculo sinixtro (i.e. : left eye ) (o.s.) ; 4) obese strain; 5) overall survial

OSAS : obstructive sleep apnea  syndrome

OSCP : oligomycin sensitivity-conferring protein

OSETI : optical SETI

OSHA : occupational safety and health administration

OSN : olfactory sensory neuron

OSP : outer surface protein (Osp)

OSTP : office of science technology policy

osyw : wybutoxosine

OT : 1) oxytocin ; 2) occupational therapy ; 3) operating theatre

OTC : ornithine transcarbamylase

OTU : operational taxonomic unit

OVA : ovalbumin

OVLT : organum vasculosum laminae terminalis

OXLDL : oxidized LDL (oxLDL)

oz : ounce

- P -

P : 1) phosphate (P, p; if inorganic : P_i) ; 2) polypeptide (p) ; 3) petit (i.e.: small) (chromosome arm) (p) ; 4) pico ; 5) Pro ; 6) pros (^p) ; 7) plasmid (p) ; 8) placental ; 9) peptide (site) ; 10) pouvoir (p) ; 11) in Purkinje cell ; 12) purinoceptor ; 13) parental (generation) ; 14) protoplasmatic (face) ; 15) promoter (p) ; 16) plasma membrane (H⁺ ATPase) ; 17) probability (P) ; 18) postnatal day of life ; 19) pressure ; 20) partial pressure (P) ; 21) para (p-) ; 22) pulse ; 23) post (i.e. : after) ; 24) protein (p) ; 25) orbit, electron in such an orbit (p) ; 26) permeability (P) ; 27) pseudouridine (p) ; 28) pole (motion) ; 29) polimerase (protein) ; 30) paraffin (p) ; 31) poly (p)

PA : 1) proteasome activator ; 2) pascal (unit) ; 3) phosphatidic acid ; 4) plasminogen activator ; 5) alveolar pressure (Pa) ; 6) arterial pressure

PAA : 1) polyacrylamide ; 2) phosphonoacetic acid

PAAP : platelet aggregation-associated protein

PAB : poly(A)-binding protein

PABA : p-aminobenzoyc acid

PABP : poly(A)-binding protein

PABY : PAR boundary of the Y chromosome

PAC : 1) premature atrial complex ; 2) P1-derived artificial chromosome

PACAP : pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide

PACE : protein from Archaea conserved in Eukarya

PACT : PKR-activating protein

PACU : postanesthesia care unit

PAD : 1) peripheral artery disease ; 2) pulsed amperimetric detection

PAE : porcine aortic endothelial (cell)

PAEC : porcine aortic endothelial cell

PAF : platelet-activating factor

PAFC : phosphoric acid fuel cell

PAFR : PAF receptor

PAG : 1) phosphoprotein associated with glycolipid-enriched microdomains ; 2) periaqueductal grey

PAGE : polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

PAH : 1) phenylalanine hydroxylase ; 2) paired amphipathic helix ; 3) p-aminohippuric acid ; 4) pancreatic hormone ; 5) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon

PAHO : Pan American Health Organization

PAI : plasminogen activator inhibitor

PAIgG : platelet-associated IgG

PAK : p21-activated (serine/threonine) kinase

PAL : peptidyl-hydroxyglycine-amidating lyase

PALK : L-Phe ammonia-lyase

PALA : N-phosphonoacetyl-L-Asp

PALS : periarteriolar lymphoid sheath

PAM : 1) peptidylglycine-amidating monooxygenase ; 2) percent accepted mutation ; 3) pulmonary alveolar macrophage

Pam3Cys : S-(2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)-(2-RS)-propyl)-N-palmitoyl-(R)-Cys-(S)-Ser-(S)-Lys⁴-OH,trihydrochloride

PAMP : pathogen-associated molecular patterns

PAN : polyarteritis nodosa

PANK : pantothenate kinase

PAO : polyamine oxidase

PAP : 1) poly(A) polymerase ; 2) peroxidase/antiperoxidase (staining procedure) ; 3) peak airway pressure

PAPC : 1-palmitoyl-2-arachodonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

PAPE : 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine

PAPMSF : p-amidinophenylmethanesulphonyl fluoride hydrochloride (p-APMSF)

PAPS : 1) 1-palmitoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylserine ; 2) 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulphate

PAR : 1) poly(ADP-ribose) (pAR) ; 2) pseudo autosomic region ; 3) protease-activated receptor

PARC : pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine

PARF : polymorphic amplifiable RE fragment

PARP : poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase

PAS : 1) periodic acid-Schiff (reaction) ; 2) PER, ARNT and SIM (domain)

PATH : 1) pituitary adrenotropic hormone ; 2) pathology (path)

PAV : proportional assist ventilation

Pax : 1) paxilin ; 2) paired box

PB : 1) peripheral blood ; 2) phosphate buffer

PBA : particle of bioreactive agent

PBC : 1) primary biliary cirrhosis ; 2) peptide-based chelate

PBCR : pre-B cell receptor (pBcR)

PBCS : Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite (PbCS)

PBD : p21^Rho-binding domain

PBE : peripheral blood eosinophil

PBG : porphobilinogen

PBGD : PBG deaminase

PBI : 1) protein-bound iodine ; 2) polybenzimidazole

PBL : peripheral blood lymphocyte

PBM(N)C(s) : peripheral blood MNC(s)

PBP : 1) penicillin-binding protein ; 2) periplasmic substrate-binding protein (domain)

pBR : plasmid (Herbert) Boyer and (Ray) Rodriguez

PBS : 1) (Dulbecco's) phosphate-buffered saline ; 2) primer binding site

PBST : PBS 1X, 0.05% Tween 20

PC : 1) Polycomb (Pc) ; 2) phosphatidylcholine ; 3) plastocyanin ; 4) prostacyclin ; 5) personal computer ; 6) post cibum (i.e. : after meal) (p.c.) ; 7) prohormone convertase ; 8) pseudomembranous colitis ; 9) peritoneal cavity ; 10) plasma cell ; 11) postcoitum (p.c.)

PCA : 1) passive cutaneous anaphylaxis ; 2) perchloric acid ; 3) principal components analysis ; 4) patient-controlled analgesia ; 5) plasma cell associated Ag

PCAF : p300/CBP-associated factor, a histone acetyltransferase

PCB : polychlorinated biphenyl

PCC : piridinium chlorochromate

PCD : 1) programmed cell death ; 2) protocadherin (Pcd) ; 3) papillary collecting duct

PCEC : porcine cerebral endothelial cell

PCF : photonic crystal fibre

PCH : phosphocholine (PCh)

PCI : 1) percutaneous coronary intervention ; 2) phenol, chloroform and isoamyl alcohol (mixture)

pCIP : p300/CBP interacting protein, a histone acetyltransferase

PCL : picryl chloride (PCl)

PCM : 1) pericentriolar material ; 2) protein-calorie malnutrition

PCMV : PCC4-cell-passaged MPSV

PCN : penicillin

PCNA : proliferating cell nuclear Ag

PCOV : porcine type C oncovirus

PCP : 1) phencyclidine ; 2) Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia ; 3) peridinin chlorophyll-a (PcP)

PCPA : p-chloro-Phe

PCR : 1) percutaneous coronary revascularization ; 2) polymerase chain reaction

PCRM : physicians committee for responsible medicine

PCS : photon correlation spectroscopy

PCT : 1) photochemical therapy ; 2) plateletcrit

PCV : pressure control ventilation

PCWP : pulmonary capillary wedge pressure

PD : 1) protective dose ; 2) Parkinson's disease ; 3) preferred direction ; 4) programmed (cell) death; 5) progressive disease

PDA : personal digital assistant

PDB : 1) phage dilution buffer ; 2) protein data bank

PDBu : phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate

PDC : parametric down-conversion

PDE : 1) phosphodiesterase ; 2) phosphodiester

PDECGF : platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor (PD-ECGF)

PDEI : PDE inhibitor

PDF : portable document format (.pdf)

PDGF : platelet-derived GF

PDI : protein disulfide isomerase

PDIM : phthiocerol-dimycocerosate

PDK : 1) 3-phosphoinositide-dependent (protein) kinase ; 2) pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase

PDM : peritoneal-derived macrophage

PDMA : poly(dimethylacrylamide)

PD-MS : plasma desorption mass spectroscopy

PDO : pacific decadal oscillation

PDR : physicians' desk reference

PDTC : pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate

PDUFA : prescription drug user fee act

PDW : platelet distribution width

PDZ : PSD-95, Dlg and ZO-1/2 (motif)

PE : 1) phosphatidylethanolamine ; 2) phycoerythrin

PEA : pulseless electric activity

PEBP : polyoma enhancer-binding protein

PEC : peritoneal exudate cell

PECAM : platelet endothelial CAM

Ped : pediatrics

PEEP : positive end-expiration pressure

PEF : peak expiratory flow

PEG : polyethylene glycol

PEI : polyethylenimine

PEK : pancreatic eIF2a-subunit kinase

PEM : protein-energy malnutrition

PEMA : phenylethylmalonamide

PEMFC : polymeric-electrolyte-membrane fuel cell

PEN : 1) penetrating (pen) ; 2) positive-electrolyte-negative

PENH : enhanced pause (PenH / Penh)

penta : 10¹⁵

PEO : polyethylene oxide

PEP : 1) polymerase extension PCR ; 2) phosphoenolpyruvate

PEPCK : PEP carboxykinase

PER : pre-edited region

PerCP : peridinin chlorophyll protein

perf : perforating

PERK : type I transmembrane ER-resident protein kinase

PERT : 1) product-enhanced reverse transcriptase ; 2) phenol emulsion reassociation technique

PES : polyethersulfone

PEST : Pro-Glu-Ser-Thr

PET : 1) phosphoethanolamine (PEt) ; 2) positron emission tomography

PETA : people for the ethical treatment of animals

PEV : position effect variegation

PEX : peritoneal exudate (PEx)

PF : 1) pentoxifylline ; 2) platelet factor

PFA : 1) phosphonoformate ; 2) perifornical area

PFC : plaque forming cell

PFD : polyostotic fibrous displasy

PfEMP : Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein

PFGE : pulsed-field gel electrophoresis

PFK : phosphofructokinase

PFP : pore-forming protein (i.e. : perforin)

PFR : peptide-flanking residue

PFS : progression-free survival

PFSL : Plasmodium falciparum schizont lysate (PfSL)

PFT : pulmonary function test

PFU : 1) pock-forming unit ; 2) plaque-forming unit

PG : 1) phosphatidyl glycerol ; 2) phosphoglycerate ; 3) prostaglandin

PGA : 3-phosphoglyceric acid

PGC : 1) primordial germ cell ; 2) PPARgco-activator

PGDB : pathway/genome DB

PGI : phosphoglucose isomerase

PGIA : proteoglycan-induced arthritis

PGK : phosphoglycerate kinase

PGL : 1) persistent generalized lymphadenopathy ; 2) phenolic glycolipid

PGM : phosphoglycerate mutase

PGN : peptidoglycan

PGP : P-glycoprotein (PgP)

PGRP : peptidoglycan-recognition protein

PGS : prostaglandin synthase

PGT : prostaglandin translocator

PH : 1) pleckstrin homology (domain) ; 2) Philadelphia chromosome (Ph) ; 3) phenyl (Ph) ; 4) past history

PHA : 1) phytohemagglutinin ; 2) passive haemagglutination (test)

PHB : 1) poly-b-hydroxybutirrate ; 2) prohibitin (domain)

Phe : phenylalanine

Pheo : pheophytin

PHF : paired helical filament

PHHI : persistent hyperinsulinaemic hypoglicaemia

PHI : 1) primary HIV infection ; 2) peptide His-Ile

PHK : phosphorylase kinase

PHM : 1) peptide His-Met ; 2) peptidylglycine-hydroxylating monooxygenase

PHN : passive Heymann nephritis

PHOX : phagocyte oxidase (PHOX / phox)

PHSC : pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

PHT : pulmonary hypertension

PHV : poly-b-hydroxyvalerate

PHYTO : phytochrome (-like domain)

PI : 1) propidium iodide ; 2) phosphatidyl-Ins ; 3) isoelectric point (pI) ; 4) present illness ; 5) postinfection (p.i.)

PI(3)-K : phosphoinositide 3-kinase

PIA : pristane-induced arthritis

PIAS : protein inhibitor of activated STAT

PIBF : progesterone induced blocking factor

PIC : 1) polymorphism information content ; 2) phosphate carrier (PiC)

PICK : PDZ-domain-containing protein that interacts with C kinase

PICO : 1) patient/problem, intervention, comparison, outcomes ; 2) 10^-12(pico)

PID : 1) pelvic inflammatory disease ; 2) protein interaction density

PIE : post-infective encephalitis

PIF : 1) peak inspiratory flow ; 2) PRL-release inhibiting factor

PIFR : peak inspiratory flow rate

PIG : PI glycan

PIGR : polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR)

PiGV : Plodia interpunctella granulovirus

PIM: phosphatidylinositol mannoside

PIN : penile intraepithelial neoplasia

PINC : protective, interactive, non-condensing (polymer)

Pins : partner of Inscuteable

PINT : proteasome subunits, Int-6, Nip-1 and TRIP-15 (motif)

PIP : 1) percentage identity plot ; 2) proximal interphalangeal (joint)

PIP₂ : 1) phosphatidylinositol 3,4-bisphosphate ; 2) phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate

PIP₃ : phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate

PIPES : piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (buffer)

PIR : paired Ig-like receptor

PIS : polled intersex syndrome

PISA : programme for international student assessment

PIT : peptide-based immunotherapy

PIVKA : proteins induced by vitamin K absence

PJS : Peutz-Jeghers syndrome

PK : 1) protein kinase ; 2) Pyr kinase ; 3) prekallikrein

PKA : protein kinase cAMP dependent

PKC : protein kinase Ca²⁺-dependent

PKD : 1) polycystic kidney disease (domain) ; 2) protein kinase D

PKI : protein kinase inhibitor

PKN : protein kinase N

PKR : dsRNA-dependent serine/threonine protein kinase

PKS : polyketide synthase

PKU : phenylketonuria

PL : 1) phospholipase ; 2) placental lactogen ; 3) path length ; 4) plasma (pl) ; 5) placebo

PLAD : pre-ligand-binding asembly domain

PLAP : PLA₂-activating protein

PLB : 1) phospholambane; 2) phospholipase B ; 3) passive lysis buffer

PLEC : plectin (repeat)

pleckstrin : platelet and leukocyte C-kinase substrate protein

PLF : peritoneal lavage fluid

PLGA : poly (D,L-lactide-co-glycolide)

PlGF : placental growth factor

Plk : Polo-like kinase

PLL : poly-L-lysine

PLML/R : posterior ventral microtubule cell left/right

PLN : 1) peripheral lymph node ; 2) pancreatic lymph node

PLP : 1) pyridoxal-5-phosphate ; 2) proteolipid protein

PLPE : preparative liquid-phase electrophoresis

PLT : platelet (concentration)

PLZF : promyelocytic leukaemia zinc finger

PM : 1) plasma membrane ; 2) post meridiem (i.e. : after noon) (p.m.) ; 3) post mortem (i.e. : after death) ; 4) particulate matter (of mean diameter less than number) (PM_number) ; 5) pretibial myxoedema ; 6) polymyositis ; 7) pacemaker ; 8) POZ minus

PMA : phorbol myristoyl acetate

PMC : post-mitotic cell

PMCA : plasma-membrane Ca²⁺-ATPase

PMB : 1) polymyxin B ; 2) plasmid (created by) Mary Betlach (pMB)

PMDI : pressurized metered-dose inhalers  (pMDI)

PME : 1) phosphomonoester ; 2) particle mesh Ewald (algorithm)

PMEA : 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine

PMEF : primary MEF

PMF : 1) proton motive force (pmf/PMF) ; 2) phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride ; 3) potential of mean force

PMH : past medical history

PMHC : peptide/MHC (complex) (pMHC)

PML : 1) promyelocytic leukaemia ; 2) progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

PMMA : polymethylmethacrylate

PMN : polymorphonuclear (leukocyte)

p-MNT : 2-(4-methoxy-3-hydroxyphenyl)-naphto[1,2-d]thiazole

PMO : morpholino oligodeoxynucleotide

PMR : polymyalgia rheumatica

PMS : phenazine methosulfate

PMSF : phenylmethylsulfonyl (or phenylmethanesulfonyl) fluoride

PMT : photomultiplier tube

PN : 1) peanut ; 2) peripheral neuropathy

PNA : 1) p-nitroanilide (pNA) ; 2) peptide nucleic acid ; 3) pentose nucleic acid ; 4) peanut agglutinin

PNAD : peripheral node addressin (PNAd)

PNAS : proceedings of the national academy of sciences (of the U.S.A.)

PNC : pneumococcal C-polysaccharide (PnC)

PNG : Papua New Guinea

PNH : paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

PNI : psychoneuroimmunology

PNIF : peak nasal inspiratory flow

PNMT : phenyl-ethanolamine-N-methyltransferase

PNP : purine nucleoside phosphorylase

PNPH : p-nitrophenol hydroxylase

PNS : 1) peripheral nervous system ; 2) positive and negative selection

PO : 1) postoperative ; 2) per os (i.e. : by mouth) (p.o.) ; 3) peroxidase

POAG : primary open-angle glaucoma

POC : particulate organic carbon

POD : 1) PML oncogenic domain ; 2) postoperative day

Pol : polymerase

POMC : proopiomelanocortin

POMP : proteasome maturation protein

POMS : profile of mood states

PON : partner of Numb

POP : persistent organic polluttant

POPC : 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

POPE : 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine

POPG : 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl phosphatidyl glycerol

pos : positive

POSCH : program on the surgical control of the hyperlipidemias

POSH : plenty of SH3 domains

postop : postoperative

POVPC : 1-palmitoyl-2-(5-oxovaleroyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

POW : 1) prisoner of war ; 2) Powassan (encephalitis virus)

POZ : pox virus and ZF domain

PP : 1) pancreatic polypeptide ; 2) postpartum ; 3) phosphoprotein (Ser/Thr) phosphatase ; 4) pyrophosphate (if inorganic : PP_i) ; 5) Peyer's patch ; 6) pyrazolo pyrimidine

PPAR : peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor

PPB : part per billion (ppb)

PPD : 1) persistent pigment darkening ; 2) purified protein derivative

PPF : periportal fibrosis

ppGpp : guanosine 5'-diphosphate-3'-diphosphate

PPI : peptidyl-prolyl (cis-trans) isomerase

PPK : 1) poly(P_i) kinase ; 2) pickpocket

PPLO : pleuropneumonia-like organisms

PPM : part per million (ppm)

PPNG : penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae

PPP : 1) platelet poor plasma ; 2) pyrophosphate (if inorganic : PPP_i)

pppGpp : guanosine 5'-triphosphate-3'-diphosphate

PPRE : PPAR response element

PPS : penoxyethanol-phosphate-sucrose

PPT : 1) preprotachykinin ; 2) precipitate ; 3) polypurine tract ; 4) polypyrimidine tract

PPX : exopolyphosphatase

PQ : plastoquinone

PQQ : pyrroloquinoline-quinone

PR : 1) progesterone receptor ; 2) propyl (Pr) ; 3) protease ; 4) 5-phosphoribose ; 5) Pro-rich (region) ; 6) proteinase

PRA : 1) 5-phosphoribosylamine ; 2) plasma renin activity

PRAK : p38 regulated activated kinase

PRC : pre-replication complex

PRE : prolactin-responsive element

prep : prepare, preparation, preparative

PRF : prolactin-releasing factor

PRINS : primed in situ labelling

(PrⁱO)₂PO-F : Dip-F

PRK : (lipid-activated) PKC-related kinase

PRL : prolactin

PRN : pro re nata (i.e.: as required, as the occasion arises) (p.r.n.)

pRNA : packaging RNA

Pro : proline

prog : prognosis

PROP : 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil

Pros : Prospero

PRL : prolactin

PRN : plaque reduction neutralization

PROD : 7-pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase

PRP : 1) prion protein (PrP) ; 2) platelet-rich plasma ; 3) progressive rubella panencephalitis

PRPP : 5-phosphoribosyl-1-a-D-PP

PRR : 1) pattern recognition receptor ; 2) post-replicative repair

PRS : proline-rich sequence

PS : 1) phosphatidylserine ; 2) photosystem ; 3) presenilin ; 4) pseudosubstrate (domain) ; 5) polysaccharide ; 6) progesterone

PSA : 1) psoriatic arthritis (PSA / PsA) ; 2) prostate-specific Ag ; 3) puromycin-sensitive aminopeptidase

PSA-LM : PSA-linked molecule

PSC : 1) primary sclerosing cholangitis ; 2) plasmid Stanley Cohen (pSC)

PSD : 1) post-synaptic density ; 2) post-source decay ; 3) pattern standard deviation

PSG : phosphate buffered saline glucose

PSGL : P-selectin glycoprotein ligand

PSI : 1) proteasome inhibitor I ; 2) pound per square inch (psi)

PSM : professional science master

PSP : 1) progressive sopranuclear palsy ; 2) persephin

PSS : porcine stress syndrome

PS-SPCL : positional scanning SPCL

Pst : 1) Providencia stuarti ; 2) P_i-specific transport system (Pst)

PSTI : pancreatic secretory trypsin inhibitor

PSTV : potato spindle tuber virus

PSTVd : potato spindle tuber Vd

PSV : pressure support ventilation

PSVT : paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia

PT : 1) physical therapy, physiotherapy ; 2) patient (pt) ; 3) prothrombin time ; 4) permeability transition

PTA : pre-TcR a-chain (pTa)

PTAC : pore-targeting complex

PTAH : phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin

PTB : 1) phosphotyrosine binding (domain) ; 2) polypyrimidine tract-binding protein

PTBI : PTB-IRS1-like (domain)

PTC : 1) patched (Ptc) ; 2) papillary thyroid carcinoma ; 3) premature termination codon ; 4) phosphatidylcholine (PtC)

PTCA : percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

PTD : protein transduction domain

P-TEF : positive transcription elongation factor

PTEN : p(hosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome) ten

PTFE : polytetrafluoroethylene

PTG : proteoglycan

PTGS : post-transcriptional gene silencing

PTH : 1) phenylthiohydantoin ; 2) parathyroid hormone (PTH/pTH)

PTI : plant trypsin inhibitor (domain)

PTIO : 2-phenyl-4,4,5,6-tetramethyl-imidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide

PTK : protein-tyrosine kinase

PTL : pharyngo-tracheal lumen

PTLD : posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder

PTMA : phenyltrimethylammonium

PTN : pleiotrophin (domain)

PTP : 1) permeability transition pore; 2) phosphoprotein tyrosine phosphatase

PTS : post-thrombotic syndrome

PTSAg : pyrogenic toxin SAg

PTT : 1) protein truncation test ; 2) partial thromboplastin time

PTTG : pituitary tumor-transforming gene

PTX : 1) pertussis toxin (PTX) ; 2) pentraxin (domain)

Pu : purine

PUA : pseudouridine synthase and Archaeosine transglycosylase (putative RNA-binding domain)

PUFA : polyunsaturated fatty acid

pulm : pulmone, pulmonary

PUVA : psoralen +UV-A (therapy)

PV : polycithaemia vera

Pv(+) : predictive value of a positive test

Pv(-) : predictive value of a negative test

PVAS : polyvinylalcohol sulphate

PVC : 1) premature ventricular complex ; 2) polyvinylchloride

PVDF : polyvinylidene difluoride

PVDF-HFP : a copolymer of vinylidene difluoride and hexafluoropropylene

PVN : paraventricular nucleus

PVP : polyvinylpyrrolidone

PVR : 1) proliferative vitreoretinopathy ; 2) polio virus receptor ; 3) pulmonary vascularisation rate

PVS : polyvinylsulphonate

PX : PhoX (homologous domain)

PXA : PX associated (domain)

PXR : pregnane X receptor

PWM : Pokeweed mitogen

Py : pyrimidine

PyC : pyruvate carrier

PYK : Pro-rich tyrosine kinase

PyP : pyridoxal-phosphate

Pyr : pyruvic acid

PyV : polyomaviridae

PZA : pyrazinamide

- Q -

Q : 1) queue (chromosome arm) (q) ; 2) CoQ ; 3) Gln ; 4) coancestry coefficient ; 5) plastoquinon ; 6) quaque (i.e. : every) (q) ; 7) quotient ; 8) queuosine (q)

Q1 : first quartile (Q₁)

Q2H : quaque secunda hora (i.e. : every second hour) (q.2h)

Q3 : third quartile (Q₃)

QBC : quantitative buffy coat

QC : quality control

QC-PCR : quantitative/competitive PCR

QD : quaque die (i.e. : every day) (q.d.)

QED : quantum electrodynamics

QH : quaque hora (i.e. : every hour) (q.h.)

QID : quater in die (i.e. : four times a day) (q.i.d)

QL : quantum libet (i.e. : as much as pleased ) (q.l.)

QN : quaque nocte (every night) (q.n.)

QOL : quality of life

QP : quantum placet (i.e. : at will) (q.p.)

QPCR : quantitative PCR

QQH : quaque quarta hora (i.e. : every 4 hours) (q.q.h.)

QS : quantum satis (i.e. : a sufficient quantity) (q.s.)

QSAR : quantitative structure-activity relationships

QT : quart (qt)

QTL : quantitative trait locus / loci

QV : quantum vis (i.e. : as much as liked) (q.v.)

- R -

R : 1) receptor ((-)R) ; 2) ribosomal (r) ; 3) resistance (^R/R) ; 4) regulatory subunit ; 5) reductase ((-)R) ; 6) perfect gas constant (R) ; 7) Arg ; 8) Ray (unit) ; 9) coefficient of correlation (sample : r ; multiple : R) ; 10) reverse (staining) ; 11) Rattus norvegicus homologous ; 12) rectus (i.e : right) (R) ; 13) relaxed (conformation) ; 14) purine ; 15) reconstituted (r) ; 16) registered (^®) ; 17) Rydberg (constant) ; 18) rat (R)

R5P : ribose-5-phosphate

RA : 1) refrectory anemia ; 2) retinoic acid ; 3) rheumatoid arthritis ; 4) Ras association (domain) ; 5) right atrium

Rab : ra(t) b(rain)

RAC : recombinant DNA advisory committee

RACE : 1) rapid amplification of cDNA ends ; 2) RecA-assisted restriction cleavage by endonuclease

RACK : receptor for activated C-kinase

RAE : retinoic acid inducible (gene)

RAEB : refractory anemia with excess blasts

RAFI : rural advancement foundation international

RAFT : rapamycin and FKBP12 target

Rag : recombinase-activating gene

RAGE : receptor for AGE

RAIDD : RIP-associated ICH/CED-3-homologous protein with a DD

RAIU : radioactive iodide uptake

RALES : randomized aldactone evaluation study

RAM : 1) random access memory ; 2) radioactive material

RAMCM : RNase A mismatch cleavage method

RAMP : 1) random amplified multiple polymorphism ; 2) receptor activity-modifying protein

Ran : Ras-related nuclear protein

RanBP : Ran binding protein

RANK : receptor activator of NF-kB

RANKL : RANK ligand

RANTES : regulated on activation,  normal T-cell expressed and secreted

RAP : 1) rap(amycin) (Rap) ; 2) receptor-associated protein ; 3) random-amplified polymorphic (DNA) ; 4) reduced AP (site)

RAP-PCR : RNA-fingerprinting arbitrary primer PCR

RAPD : randomly amplified polymorphic DNA

RAR : retinoic acid receptor

RARE : retinoic acid RE

RARS : refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts

RAS : 1) renin-angiotensin system ; 2) rat sarcome

RASMC : rat aortic smooth muscle cell

RAST : radioallergosorbent test

RAW : resistance of airways

RB : 1) retinoblastoma protein ; 2) right border ; 3) ruffled border

RBC : red blood cell (concentration)

RBD : 1) Rho binding domain ; 2) Ras binding domain ; 3) RNA binding domain

RBE : relative biological effectiveness

RBIP : retrotransposon-based  insertion polymorphisms

RBL : 1) rat basophilic leukemia ; 2) reticulocyte-binding-like (protein)

RBM : 1) reconstituted basement membrane (rBM) ; 2) roll back malaria (initiative) ; 3) reticular basement membrane

RBP : 1) Rb binding protein ; 2) retinol binding protein

RBS . ribosome binding site

RC : replication complex

RCA : 1) rolling circle amplification ; 2) regulator of complement activation ; 3) rDNA advisory committee ; 4) replication competent adenovirus

RCAS : rat Con A supernatant

RCC : renal cell carcinoma

RCCX : RP, C4, CYP21, TNX

RCL : replication competent lentivirus

RCR : 1) replication competent retrovirus ; 2) relative cytotoxic response

RCS : recognition consensus sequence

RCV : right superior cava vein

RD : 1) research and development (R&D) ; 2) region of deletion

RDA : 1) representational display analysis ; 2) recommended daily (or dietary) allowance ; 3) representational difference analysis ; 4) RNA/DNA oligonucleotides

RDD : rational drug design

RDGF : retina-derived GF

RDRP : RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

RDV : rice dwarf virus

RDW : RBC distribution width

RE : 1) responsive (or response) element ; 2) restriction enzyme (endonuclease)

REAL : revised European American lymphoma (classification)

REC : recombinant (rec)

REF : 1) redox factor (Ref) ; 2) restriction endonuclease fingerprinting

reg : regular

Rel : re(ticu)l(oendotheliosys)

RELM : resistin-like molecule

Reoviridae : respiratory enteric orphan viruses

REP-PCR : repeat sequence primed PCR

REM : 1) rapid eye movement ; 2) roentgen equivalent for man (Rem) (unit)

REMI : restriction enzyme mediated integration

REP : repetitive extragenic palindromic (PCR)

req : requires, required

RER : rough endoplasmic reticulum

RES : reticuloendothelial system

resp : respectively

REST : RE-1 silencing TF

RET : 1) resonance energy transafer ; 2) re(arranged during) t(ransfection) (ret)

REV : 1) replicating episomal vector ; 2) reticuloendotheliosis virus

REVS : rupture event scanning

RF : 1) release factor ; 2) replicative form ; 3) reading frame ; 4) radio frequency ; 5) retardation factor ; 6) replication factor ; 7) rheumatoid factor

RFI : request for information

RFLP : restriction fragment length polymorphism

RFMF : radio-frequency magnetic field

RFP : red fluorescent protein

RFR : radiofrequency (electromagnetic) radiation

RFS : relapse-free survival

RFTOC : reaggregated fetal thymus organ cultures

RFX : regulatory factor X

RG : Rodgers (blood group Ag) (Rg)

RGC : retinal ganglion cell

RGD : Arg-Gly-Asp

RG-PCR : restriction-site-generating PCR

RGS : regulator of G protein signaling (domain)

RH : 1) RNA helicase; 2) releasing hormone ; 3) (macacus) Rhesus (factor in blood) (Rh) ; 4) radiation hybrids ; 5) rhodopsin (Rh) ; 6) rapid/high (HIV-1 strain) (R/H)

RHD : 1) rheumatic heart disease ; 2) Rel homology domain

Rho : R(as) ho(mology)

RHR : Rel homology region

RIA : radioimmunoassay

Rib : ribose

RIBA : recombinant immunoblot assay

RICH : rapid isolation of cDNA by hybridization

RIE : reactive ion etching

RIL : recombinant inbred line

RIND : reversible ischemic neurologic deficit

RIP : 1) receptor-interacting protein ; 2) repeat-induced point mutation ; 3) rat insulin promoter

RIPA : 1) ristocetin induced platelet aggregation ; 2) radioimmunoprecipitation assay

RIPP : ribosomal inhibitor of PP

RIS : radioimmunoscintigraphy

RIST : radioimmunosorbent test

RK : 1) rhodopsin kinase ; 2) (HMG-CoA) reductase kinase ; 3) rabbit kidney ; 4) reactivating kinase

RKK : (HMG-CoA) reductase kinase kinase

rHu : recombinant human

RI : replicative intermediate

RIL : recombinant inbred lines

RIP : ribosome-inactivating protein

RLD : right lateral decubitus

RLE : retrovirus-like element

RLF : replication licensing factor

RLGS : restriction landmarks genomic scanning

RLP : Rab-like protein

RL-RT-PCR : RNA ligase RT-PCR

RLS : restless leg syndrome

RLU : relative light unit

Rluc : Renilla reniformis luciferase

RLX : relaxin

RM : reaction mixture

RMCP : rat mast cell protease

RMR : resting metabolic rate

RMS : 1) rhabdomyosarcoma ; 2) root-mean-square (rms)

RMSF : Rocky Mountain spotted fever

RMU : respiratory mechanical unloading

RNA : ribonucleic acid

RNAi : RNA interference

RNI : reactive nitrogen intermediate

RNP : ribonucleoprotein

RO : reflux oesophagitis

ROA : Ramon optical density

ROCK : Rho-associated coiled-coil kinase

ROI : reactive oxygen intermediate

ROK : Rho kinase

ROM : 1) rod outer segment protein ; 2) read only memory

ROP : retinopathy of prematurity

ROR : 1) receptor orphan ; 2) retinoid-related orphan receptor

ROS : 1) reactive oxygen species ; 2) rod outer segment

RP : 1) replication protein ; 2) reversed phase ; 3) refractory period ; 4) red pulp ; 5) reverse primer (rp) ; 6) random peptide

RPA : RNase protection assay

Rp-8-pCPT-cGMPS : 8-(4-chlorophenylthio-)guanosine-3'-5' cyclic monophosphorothioate

RPC : retinal progenitor cell

RPE : 1) relative predispositional effect ; 2) retinal pigment epithelium

RPK : ripped pocket

RPM : 1) rapamycin ; 2) revolutions per minute (rpm)

RPase : RNA polymerase

RPL : random peptide library

Rpo : RNA polymerase

RPR : rapid plasma reagin (test)

RPTK : receptor PTK

RQ : respiratory quotient

RR : 1) response region ; 2) relative risk

RRA : radioreceptor assay

RRC : renal resident cell

RRE : rev RE

RRM : RNA recognition motif

RRT : recognition reaction time

RS : replacement to silent (mutation ratio) (R/S)

RSA : rapid serum agglutination

RSD : relative standard deviation

RSI : repetitive strain injury

RSK : ribosomal S6 kinase

RSO : radiation safety officer

RSP : restriction site polymorphism

RSPCA : Royal Society for the prevention of cruelty to animals

RSS : recombination signal sequence

rSSCP : RNA SSCP

RSSE : Russian Spring-Summer encephalitis (virus)

RSV : 1) Rous sarcoma virus  ; 2) respiratory syncytial virus

RT : 1) reverse transcriptase ; 2) room temperature (R.T.) ; 3) right (rt)

rT₃ : reverse T₃

RTA : renal tubular antigen

RTE : recent thymic emigrants

RTF : 1) rich text format ; 2) resistance transfer factor

RTK : receptor tyrosine kinase

RTLV : retrovirus-like element

rTMS : repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation

RTOC : reaggregate thymus organ culture

RTR : right terminal repeat

RTV : ritonavir

RTX : repeats in toxin

RU : 1) resonance unit ; 2) ribulose (Ru) ; 3) relative unit

Rubisco : RuBP decarboxylase

RuBP : ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate

RXR : retinoid X (or rexinoid) receptor

RV : 1) residual volume ; 2) right ventricle ; 3) Rhinoviruses

RVF : Rift Valley fever

RyR : ryanodine receptor

- S -

S : 1) smallest form among isoforms derived from an alternatively spliced mRNA (_S) ; 2) small subunit ribosomal protein ; 3) surface form (s) ; 4) svedberg (unit) ; 5) synthesis (cell cycle phase) ; 6) second (s) ; 7) sedimentation coefficient (S) ; 8) Ser ; 9) synthesis (phase) ; 10) subsite ; 11) secretory ; 12) entrophy (S) ; 13) subfragment ; 14) stem (cell) ; 15) splenic ; 16) secretin ; 17) soluble ; 18) spike (glycoprotein); 19) sine (i.e. : without) (s) ; 20) sinister (i.e. : left) (S) ; 21) orbit, electron in such an orbit (s) ; 22) strong interaction (i.e. : C or G in base codes) ; 23) switch region

S1P : sphingosine 1-phosphate

s2c : 2-thiocytidine

s2t : 5-methyl-2-thiouridine

s2u : 2-thiouridine

s4u : 4-thiouridine

S/N : signal-to-noise ratio

S6K : S6 (protein) kinase

S7P : sedoheptulose-7-phosphate

SA : 1) stretch-activated ; 2) specific activity ; 3) sinoatrial (node) ; 4) streptavidin

SAA : serum amyloid A (protein domain)

SAAB : selected and amplified (protein) binding site oligonucleotide

SABA : 1) short-acting b₂ agonist ; 2) sialic-acid-binding adhesin (SabA)

SABC : streptavidin-biotin complex (sABC)

SABGAL : senescence-associated b-galattosidase (SA-b-gal)

SAC : Staphylococcus aureus Cowan

SADBE : squaric acid dibutyl-ester

SADS : small accelerator for death signalling

SAE : serious adverse event

SAEC : small airway epithelial cell

SAF : scrapie-associated fibril

SAg : super Ag

SAGE : serial analysis of gene expression

SAGT : superantigenic toxins

SAH : S-adenosylhomocysteine

SAHA : suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid

SA-HRP : streptavidin-conjugated HRPO

SAICAR : N-succinyl-5-aminoimidazhole-4-carboxyamide ribonucleotide

SAIDS : simian AIDS

SALT : skin-associated lymphoid tissue

SAM : 1) sterile alpha motif ; 2) S-adenosylmethionine ; 3) substrate adhesion molecule

SAMPL : selective amplification of microsatellite polymorphic loci

SAP : 1) SRF accessory protein  ; 2) stress-activated protein ; 3) SLAM-associated protein ; 4) serum amyloid P component

SAPHO : synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteomyelitis

SAPK : stress-activated protein kinase

SAR : 1) scaffold-attached (associated) region ; 2) sarcosine (Sar) ; 3) specific absorption rate ; 4) structure-activity relationship ; 5) surface area-to-volume ratio ; 6) systemic acquired resistance ; 7) seasonal allergic rhinitis

SARA : SMAD anchor for receptor activation

SAS : serological Ag selection

SAT : 1) serum agglutination test ; 2) spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis

SATB : special AT-rich sequence-binding  (protein)

SB : 1) Southern blot ; 2) small bowel

SBAR : situation background assessment and recommendation

SBC : secretory breast carcinoma

sBLA : supplemental biologics license application

SBMA : spinobulbar muscular atrophy

SBP : systemic blood pressure

SBR : 1) saliva binding region ; 2) styrene-butadiene rubber

SC : 1) single copy (sc) ; 2) subcutaneous(ly) (s.c.) ; 3) scrapie (^Sc) ; 4) small cytoplasmic (sc) ; 5) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) ; 6) secretory component ; 7) spleen cell

SCA : 1) SREBP cleavage activity ; 2) sickle cell anaemia ; 3) spinocerebellar ataxia ; 4) stem cell antigen

SCAD : short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase

SCAP : SREBP cleavage-activating protein

SCAR : sequence characterized amplified regions

SCC : squamous cell carcinoma

SCD : sickle cell disease

SCDA : standard cell diluition analysis

SCE : sister chromatids exchange

SCF : 1) Skp, Cul1 and F-box-containing (protein complex); 2) stem cell factor

scFv : single chain Fv

SCGE : single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay)

SCI : science citation index

SCID : severe combined immunodeficiency

SCL : stem-cell leukaemia

SCM : single C motif

SCMoV : subterranean clover mottle virusoid

SCN : 1) sodium channel ; 12) soprachiasmatic nuclei

SCNN : non-voltage-gated sodium channel

SCNT : somatic cell nuclear transfer

SCORAD : scoring atopic dermatitis

SCP : saline-citrate-phosphate

SCR : short consensus repeat

SCRIB : scribble (Scrib)

SCT : 1) stem cell transplantation ; 2) single-chain trimers (of MHC class I molecules)

SD : 1) standard deviation ; 2) solvent/detergent (S/D) ; 3) short-day

SDA : strand displacement amplification

SDAT : senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type

SDC : splenic dendritic cell

SDF : 1) small DNA fragments ; 2) stromal cell-derived factor

SDH : sorbitol dehydrogenase

Sdi : senescence DNA synthesis inhibitor

SDIP : spleen-derived immunosuppressive peptide

SDM : site-directed mutagenesis

SDR : specificity-determining residue

SDS : sodium dodecyl sulfate

SE : standard error

SEA : 1) soluble egg antigen ; 2) staphylococcal enterotoxin A ; 3) seronegative entesitis arthritis

SEAC : surface-enhanced affinity capture ; 2) spongiform encephalopathy advisory committee

SEAP : secreted alkaline phosphatase

SEB : staphylococcal enterotoxin B

SEC : 1) selenocysteine (Sec) ; 2) staphylococcal enterotoxin C ; 3) second (sec) ; 4) secondary (sec)

SECR : serpin enzyme complex receptor (sec-R)

SED : 1) staphylococcal enterotoxin D ; 2) spectral energy distribution

SEDTA : saline EDTA

SEE : 1) staphylococcal enterotoxin E ; 2) standard error of the estimate

SELDI : surface-enhanced laser-desorption/ionization

SELEX : systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment

SEM : 1) scanning electron microscopy ; 2) standard error of the mean

Sema : semaphorin

SEMF : subepithelial myofibroblast

SENP : sentrin-specific protease

Sep : septin

SEPS : subfascial endoscopic perforator surgery

SER : 1) smooth endoplasmic reticulum ; 2) serine (Ser) ; 3) sensitizer enhancement ratio

SERCA : SR/ER Ca²⁺ ATPase

SERENDIP : search for extraterrestrial radio emissions from nearby developed intelligent populations

SEREX : serologic analysis of recombinant cDNA expression libraries

SERM : selective estrogen receptor modulator

SERPIN : Ser proteinase inhibitors (domain)

SERT : serotonine transporter

SET : Su(var)3-9, Enhancer-of-zeste, Trithorax (domain)

SETI : search for extraterrestrial intelligence

SEV : Sendai virus

SF : 1) superfamily ; 2) scatter factor

SFC : spot-forming cell

SFFV : spleen focus forming virus

SFHR : small fragment homologous replacement

SFK : Src family kinase

SFV : 1) Semliki forest virus ; 2) simian foamy virus

SG : skin graft

SGC : soluble guanylyl cyclase (SGC/sGC)

SGEC : salivary gland epithelial cell

SGLT : sodium-glucose cotransporter

SGOT : serum Glu-OAA transaminase

SGPG : sulphated glucuronyl paragloboside

SGPT : serum Glu-Pyr transaminase

SGT : secretion gene therapy

SH : Src-homology (domain)

Shc : SH2-containing a₂ collagen-related proteins

Shh : Sonic hedgehog

SHIP : SH2 domain-containing inositol-5-phosphatase

SHP : SH2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase

SHR : spontaneously hypertensive rat

SI : 1) small interfering (si) ; 2) seriously ill ; 3) syncitia inducing (HIV-1 strain) ; 4) small intestine ; 5) staining intensity ; 6) stimulation index ; 7) selectivity index

Sia : sialyc acid

SIADH : syndrome of inappropriate secretion of ADH

SIDS : sudden infant death syndrome

SIE : c-Sis inducible element

SIF : STH-release inhibiting factor

SIFT : scanning for intensely fluorescent targets

Sig. : signed

siglec : Sia-binding Ig-like lectin

SIL : seriously ill list

SIM : selected ion monitoring

SIMDM : supplemented IMDM

SIMDM-PRF : SIMDM phenol-red-free

SI-MS : secondary-ion bombardment mass spectroscopy

SIMV : synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation

SIN : 1) self-inactivating ; 2) septation intiation network

SINE . short interspersed element

SIR : 1) standardized incidence ratio ; 2) silent information regulator

SIRP : signal regulatory protein

SIRS : systemic inflammatory response syndrome

Sis : si(mian) s(arcoma)

SISI : sound intensity shift index

SIT : 1) specific immunotherapy ; 2) structured intermittent therapy

SIV . simian immunodeficiency virus

SJC : swollen joint count

SK : streptokinase

SKP : S-phase kinase associated protein

SKY : spectral karyotyping

SL : 1) spliced leader ; 2) stromelysin ; 3) slow/low (HIV-1 strain) (S/L)

SLAM : signalling lymphocyte activation molecule

SLC : 1) solute carrier ; 2) secondary lymphoid tissue chemokine ; 3) surrogate L chain

SLE : 1) systemic lupus erythematosus ; 2) Saint Louis encephalitis

SLF : 1) steel factor ; 2) shock lung factor

SLIT : sublingual immunotherapy

SLO : streptolysin O

SLP : 1) sex-limited protein (slp) ; 2) substrate level phosphorylation ; 3) SH2 domain leukocyte protein ; 4) solid lipid particle

SLPI : secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor

SLS : segmentary long-spaced (collagen)

SLT : Shiga-like toxin

SM : somatomedin

SMA : 1) smooth muscle actin; 2) spinal muscular atrophy

SMAC : 1) second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac) ; 2) supramolecular activation cluster ; 3) a-smooth muscle actin (SMAc)

Smad : contraction of Sma and Mad

SMAP : small MBL-associated protein

SMase : sphingomyelinase

SMC : 1) smooth muscle cell ; 2) submicrovillar cisterna ; 3) structural maintenance of chromosome

SMCC : 1) succinimidyl 4-(N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1-carboxylate ; 2) Srb and mediator protein-containing complex

SMEZ : streptococcal mitogenic exotoxin Z

SMI : score of mucosal injury

Smo : smoothened

SMP : submitochondrial particle

SMPB : succinimidyl 4-(p-maleidophenyl) butyrate

SMR : 1) standardized mortality ratio ; 2) standard metabolic rate

SMRT : silencing mediator for retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor

SMRV : squirrel monkey retrovirus

SMZ : sulfamethoxazole

SN : 1) small nuclear (sn) ; 2) standard numbering (sn) ; 3) substitution nucleophile (S_N) (reaction) ; 4) staphylococcal nuclease (homologues) ; 5) substantia nigra

SNAP : 1) soluble NSF attachment protein ; 2) single nucleotide amplified polymorphisms ; 3) S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-L-penicillamine

SNARE : SNA(P) re(ceptor)

SNMV : solanum nodiflorum mottle virusoid

snoRNA : small nucleolar RNA

SNP : 1) sodium nitroprusside ; 2) single nucleotide polymorphism

SNRI : serotonin and norepinephrin reuptake inhibitor

snrp : snRNA-protein (complex)

snuRNA : small nucleolar RNA

SO : somatomedin (domain)

SOCE : store-operated Ca²⁺ entry

SOCS : suppressors of cytokine signalling (box)

SOD : superoxide dismutase

SODD : oculo-dento-digital syndrome

SODN : phosphorothioate ODN (S-ODN)

sol : solution

SOM : somatostatin

SOP : sensory organ precursor (cell)

SOS : 1) son of sevenless (Sos) ; 2) save our souls (S.O.S. / Sos) ; 3) superoxide scavenging

SOX : SRY-related HMG box protein

SP : 1) substance P ; 2) signal peptide ; 3) Schizosaccharomyces pombe (Sp) ; 4) single-positive ; 5) surfactant protein ; 6) slow progressor

sp act : specific activity

SPA : scintillation proximity assay

SPAR : single primer amplification reaction

SPB : spindle pole bodies

SPC : structure-property correlations

SPCL : synthethic peptide combinatory library

SPE : 1) solid-phase extraction ; 2) solid polymer electrolyte ; 3) streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin; 4) serum protein electrophoresis

SPEC : 1) specimen ; 2) spectrin (domain)

SPECT : single photon emission computed tomography

SPEP : serum protein electrophoresis

SPF : 1) spectrophotofluorimetry ; 2) specific pathogen-free ; 3) sun protection factor ; 4) S-phase promoting factor

sp.fl. : spinal fluid

SPG : sucrose phosphate glutamic acid

Sph : sphyngomyelin

SPHERE : solid-phase epitope recovery

SPI : Salmonella pathogenicity island

SPICE : smallpox inhibitor of complement enzyme

SPIFE : serum protein immunofixation electrophoresis

SPK : 1) (glycogen) synthase-phosphorylase kinase  ; 2) stress-related protein kinase

SPL : spleen

SPN : Streptococcus pyogenes NAD-glycohydrolase

SPR : 1) surface plasmon resonance ; 2) surfactant protein receptor

SPRIA : solid-phase RIA

SPS : sodium polyanetholsulfonate

SPT : skin prock test

SqE : squalene synthase

SqE : squalene epoxidase

SR : 1) sarcoplasmic reticulum ; 2) scavenger receptor (domain) ; 3) steroid receptor ; 4) serum (sr)

SRBC : sheep RBC

SRC : 1) s(a)rc(ome) (src) ; 2) steroid receptor coactivator

SRE : serum RE

SREBP : sterol regulatory element-binding protein

SRF : serum response factor

SRFA : selective restriction fragment amplification

sRNA : soluble RNA (i.e. : tRNA)

SRP : signal-recognition particle

SRS-A : slow-reacting substance of anaphylaxis

SRV : simian retrovirus

SRY : sex determining region of the Y chromosome

SS : 1) single-stranded (ss) ; 2) sesquiterpene synthase ; 3) signs and symptoms (S/S) ; 4) Sjögren's syndrome ; 5) systemic sclerosis

SSA : 1) streptococcal superantigen ; 2) single sample analysis (chip)

SSAO : serum semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase

SSAP : sequence specific amplification polymorphism

SSAT : spermidine/spermine acetylase

ssb : single-strand breaks

SSB(P) : single-stand B(P)

SSC : 1) saline sodium (or sodium salt) citrate (buffer) ; 2) standard saline citrate ; 3) somatic stem cell ; 4) skeletal stem cell

SSCI : social sciences citation index

SSCP : single-strand conformational polymorphism

SSH : suppression subtractive hybridization

SSIPCR : site-selected insertion PCR

SSLP : simple sequence lenght polymorphism

SSO : 1) specific spoilage organism ; 2) sequence specific oligonucleotide

SSP : 1) Sample Spot Number ; 2) sporozoite surface protein ; 3) sequence-specific primer

SSPE : subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

SSR : simple sequence repeat

SSRBC : sensitized sheep RBC

SSRI : selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor

SSS : 1) Stanford sleepiness scale ; 2) scalded skin syndrome

SST : somatostatin

SSTR : simple sequence tandem repeat

SSU rRNA : small subunit ribosomal RNA

ST : 1) sialyl transferase ; 2) heat-stable toxin ; 3) signal transduction

STARI : Southern tick-associated rash illness

STAT : 1) signal transducer and activator of transcription ; 2) statim (i.e. : immediately) (stat)

STC : sequence tag connector

STCP : stimulated T-cell chemotactic protein

STD : 1) standard (std) ; 2) signal transduction domain ; 3) sexually transmitted disease

STE : sodium chloride, Tris, EDTA

STES : STE and sucrose

STFeSV : Snyder-Theilen feline sarcoma virus

STI : structured treatment interruption

STIR : short tau inversion recovery

STLV : simian T-lymphotropic virus

STM : scanning tunnelling microscope

STMS : sequence tagged microsatellite (site)

STNI : subtotal nodal irradiation

STP : 1) short-term potentiation ; 2) signal transduction pathway ; 3) standard temperature and pressure

STR : 1) neostriatum ; 2) short tandem repeat

STRP : STR polymorphism

STS : 1) sequence-tagged site ; 2) stilbene synthase ; 3) staurosporine

STX : saxitoxin

STZ : streptozotocin

SU : 1) sulfonylurea ; 2) surface (glycoprotein)

SUMO : small Ub-related modifier

SUR : sulphonylurea receptor

surg : surgeon, surgery

SUSP : SUMO-specific protease

SV : 1) stroke volume ; 2) sievert (unit) (Sv)

SV40 : simian vacuolating virus 40

SVAS : supravalvular aortic stenosis

SVZ : subventricular (germinal) zone

SWIB : SWI complex, BAF60b (domain)

SWS : slow wave sleep

Sx : symptom

Sxl : sex-lethal

sym : symmetric

symp : symptom

sys : system

- T -

T : 1) target (t) ; 2) truncated (t) ; 3) transfer (t) ; 4) thymidine ; 5) Thr ; 6) tele (^t) ; 7) tera ; 8) tropomyosin-binding (calponin subunit) ; 9) transient ; 10) taut (conformation) ; 11) trasverse (tubule) ; 12) tesla (unit) ; 13) transferred (DNA) ; 14) thymus (lymphocyte) ; 15) temperature ; 16) thoracic vertebra ; 17) twisting number (T) ; 18) thymine ; 19) 5-methyluridine (t) ; 20) tumour (T, t) (Ag) ; 21) triangulation  number ; 22) tumour size

t_1/2 : half-life (half-time)

T1D : type 1 diabetes

T2H : 2-carboxylic acid hydrazide

T₃ : 3,5,3'-trisiodotironine

T₄ : 3,5,3',5'-tetrakisiodotironine

t6a : N-((9-b-D-ribofuranosylpurine-6-yl)carbamoyl)threonine

T_50H : T_m in eteroduplexes

TA : 1) transit amplifying (cell) ; 2) tonsils and adhenoids, tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T & A)

TAA : tumour-associated Ag

tab : tablet

TACI : transmembrane activator and CAML interactor

TACO : Trp, Asp-containing coat protein

TACTILE : T-cell activation increased late expression

TAD : trans(cription )activation domain

TAE : Tris-acetic acid-EDTA (buffer)

TAF : 1) TBP-associated factor ; 2) tumour-angiogenetic factor

TAG : 1) triacylglycerol ; 2) (SV40) T Ag (Tag)

TAI : transcript accumulation index

TAK : TGFb-activated kinase

Tal : Talin

TALL : 1) TNF- and ApoL-related leukocyte expressed ligand ; 2) T-cell ALL (T-ALL)

TAM : tamoxifen

TAMRA : 5-(and 6)-carboxytetramethylrhodamine

TANK : TRAF family member-associated NF-kB activator

TAP : 1) tumor-activated prodrug ; 2) transporter associated with antigene processing

TAPA : target for antiproliferative Ag

Taq : Thermus aquaticus

TAR : transactivating responsive

TARA : tumour-associated rejection Ag

TARC : thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine

TAS : total analysis system (chip)

TAT : tetanus antitoxin

TATS : transversal-assial tubular system

TBA : tetrabutylammonium chloride

TBARS : thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances

TB : 1) (Heath's aluminum-) touluidin blue ; 2) tuberculosis

TBC : 1) tuberculosis ; 2) Tre-2, BUB2p, and Cdc16p (domain)

TBE : 1) Tris, boric acid, EDTA (electrophoresis buffer) ; 2) tick borne encephalitis

TBE-IG : tickborne encephalitis Ig

TBEV : tick borne encephalitis viruses

TBG : thyroxine-binding globulin

TBI : total body irradiation

tBid : truncated Bid

TBII : thyrotropin binding inhibiting immunoglobulin

TBL : tuberal lesion

TBP : 1) TATA-box-binding protein ; 2) thioredoxin binding protein

TBPA : thyroxine binding prealbumin

TBRF : tick-borne relapsing fever

TBS : Tris-buffered saline

TBSA : total body surface area

tbsp : tablespoon

TBST : TBS with Tween 20

TBSV : tomato bushy stunt virus

TC : 1) tissue culture ; 2) treatment completed ; 3) transcobalamine ; 4) tetracycline

TCA : 1) tricarboxylic acid (cycle) ; 2) trichloroacetic acid ; 3) T-cell activation (chemokine)

TCC : T cell clones

TCD : T cell depleted

TCDBM : T cell-depleted bone marrow

TCDD : 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin

TCF : 1) T-cell factor ; 2) ternary complex factor

TCID₅₀ : tissue culture ID₅₀

TCL : T-cell leukaemia

TCM : T cell medium

TCNER : transcription-coupled NER

TCP : 1) T-complex polypeptide ; 2) toxin co-regulated pilus ; 3) transcutaneous pacing

TCR : 1) T-cell receptor (TcR/TCR/Tcr) ; 2) transcription-coupled repair

TCS : Treacher-Collins syndrome

TCT : thrombin clotting time

TCZ : T cell zone

TD : 1) thymus-dependent (Ag) ; 2) terminally differentiated (cell) ; 3) thymic dysfunction

TDA : target detection assay

TDI : toluene diisocyanate

TDIC : total dissolved inorganic carbon

TDLN : tumor-draining lymph node

TdR : thymidine deoxyribose

TDS : time domain spectroscopy

TDSNV : Trager duck spleen necrosis virus

TDT : 1) terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) ; 2) transmission disequilibrium test

TE : 1) Tris-EDTA (buffer) ; 2) transposable element ; 3) Toxoplasma encephalitis

TEA : 1) tracheo-esophageal airway ; 2) tetraethylammonium

TEACL : TEA chloride

TEC : 1) tubular epithelial cell ; 2) thymic epithelial cell

TECK : thymus-expressed chemokine

TED : thyroid eye disease

TEF : thermic effect of food

TEL : telomere

TEM : 1) triethylenemelamine ; 2) transmission electron microscopy ; 3) transendothealial migration

TEMED : N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethelenediamine

TEPA : triethylenephosphoramide

TEPP : tetraethyl pyrophosphate

TER : 1) transepithelial electric resistance ; 2) telomere (tel)

tera : 10¹²

TERT : telomerase reverse transcriptase

TES : N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid

tet : tetracycline

TETA : triethylenetetramine

TEW : time expanded waveform

TexCAPS : Texas coronary atherosclerosis prevention study

TF : 1) transcription factor ; 2) tissue factor ; 3) transferrin (Tf) ; 4) theaflavin ; 5) thymosin fraction

TFA : trifluoroacetate

TFAM : TF A in mitochondria

TFH : follicular T_h cell (T_FH)

TFM : theaflavin monogallate

TFO : triplex-forming oligonucleotide

TFPI : tissue-factor-pathway inhibitor

TG : 1) thioguanine ; 2) transgenic (Tg / tg) ; 3) thyroglobulin

TGF : transforming growth factor

TGGE : thermal (temperature) gradient gel electrophoresis

TGL : triacylglycerol lipase

TGMNV : tomato gold-mosaic virus

TGN : 1) trans-Golgi network ; 2) thioguanine nucleoside

TGS : transcriptional gene silencing

TH : 1) Tyr hydroxylase ; 2) thalamus

THANK : TNF homologue that activates apoptosis, NF-kB, and JNK

THC : 1) tetrahydrocannabinoltentative human consensus

Thd : thymidine

THE : transposable human element

THF : 1) thymic humoral factor ; 2) tetrahydrofolate ; 3) tetrahydrofuran

THFA : tetrahydrofolic acid

THM : trihalomethane

Thr : threonine

THY : 1) thymine (Thy) ; 2) thymosin (domain) ; 3) thymocyte (thy) ; 4) Todd Hewitt yeast (broth)

TI : 1) thymus-independent ; 2) tumour-inducing (plasmid) (Ti)

TIA : transient ischemic attack

TIBC : total iron binding capacity

TID : ter in die (i.e. : three times a day) (t.i.d.)

TIF : transcriptional mediator/intermediary factor

TIGR : the institute for genome research

TIL : tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte

TIL-B : tumor-infiltrating B cell

TIM : 1) triose phosphate isomerase ; 2) timeless (tim)

TIMP : tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (domain)

TIP : (HIV) Tat interactive protein

TIR : 1) Toll and mIL-1R (domain) ; 2) terminal inverted repeat

TIRAP : TIR-domain-containig adapter protein

TJ : tight junction

TJC : tender joint count

TK : thymidine kinase

TL : 1) TNF-like ; 2) thymus leukaemia ; 3) transfer factor of the lung

TLAD : time-location-activity diary

TLC : 1) total lung capacity ; 2) thin-layer chromatography

TLD : thermoluminescent dosimeter

TLESR : transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation (tLESR)

TLF : TBP-like factor

TLI : total lymphoid irradiation

TLR : Toll-like receptor

TLS : translesion synthesis

TLV : threshold limit value

TM : 1) trans membrane (segment or protein) ; 2) melting temperature (T_m) ; 3) thrombomodulin ; 4) 2'-O-methyl-5-methyluridine ; 5) trade mark (^TM) ; 6) tropomyosin

TMA : trimethylamine

TMAEM : trimethylammonio ethyl methacrylate

TMAO : trimethylamine oxide (TMA-O)

TMB : 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl benzidine dichloride

TMC : typical medullary carcinoma

TME : transmissible mink encephalopathy

TMEV : Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus

TMP : 1) trimethoprim ; 2) taste-modifying protein

TMS : tetramethylsilane

TMV : tobacco mosaic virus

TN : 1) troponin (Tn) ; 2) transposon (Tn) ; 3) tenascin

TNA : threonucleic acid

TNBS : 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulphonic acid

TNF : tumor necrosis factor

TNI : total nodal irradiation

TNP : trinitrophenyl

TO : transoral(ly) (t.o.)

TOCP : triorthocresylphosphate

TOE : theories of everything

TOEFL : test of English as a foreign language

TOF-MS : time-of-flight mass spectroscopy

TOP : terminal oligopyrimidine-rich (tract)

Top(o) : topoisomerase

TP : 1) TxA₂ receptor ; 2) terminal protein

TPA : 1) 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate ; 2) tissue plasminogen activator (t(-)PA)

TPBS : Tris-phosphate buffered saline

TPCK : N-tosyl-L-Phe-chloromethyl ketone

TPHA : Treponema pallidum haemagglutination

TPI : Treponema pallidum immobilization

TPLSM : two-photon laser-scanning microscopy

TPMT : thiopurine methyltransferase

TPN : triphosphopyridine nucleotide

TPNA : tricyclic purine nucleoside analogue

TPO : 1) thyroid peroxidase (TPo) ; 2) thymopoietin (Tpo) ; 3) thrombopoietin

TPP : thiamine pyrophosphate

TPR : 1) translocated promoter region (Tpr) ; 2) temperature, pulse, respiration ; 3) tetratricopeptide repeat ; 4) total peripheral resistance

TR : 1) thyroid hormone receptor ; 2) TNF receptor related ; 3) thearubigin ; 4) taste receptor ; 5) terminal repeat

TRADD : TNFRI-associated DD

TRAF : TNF receptor-associated factor

TRAIL : TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand

TRALI : transfusion-related acute lung injury

TRAMP : TNFR-related apoptosis-mediating protein

TRANCE : TNF-related activation-induced cytokine

TRAP : 1) TNF-related activation protein ; 2) thyroid hormone receptor-associated protein ; 3) thrombospondin-related adhesive protein ; 4) telomerase repeat amplification protocol ; 5) tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase ; 6) transformation/transcription domain-associated protein

TRC : taste-receptor cell

TRE : 1) TPA RE ; 2) T₃ RE

TREC : TcR excision circle

TRF : 1) TSH reeleasing factor ; 2) terminal restriction fragment

tr-FRET : time-resolved FRET

TRH : TSH releasing hormone

TRICK : TRAIL receptor inducer of cell killing

TRID : TRAIL receptor without an intracellular domain

TRIF : TIR-domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-b

TRIP : TRAF interacting protein

TRIPS : trade-related intellectual property rights

Tris (base) : tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (buffer)

TRITC : tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate

TRK : tropomyosin receptor kinase (Trk)

TRL : terminal repeat long

TRMA : thiamine-responsive megaloblastic anemia

TRP : transient receptor potential

TRPL : TRP-like

TRS : 1) terminal resolution site ; 2) terminal repeat short

TRT : total reaction time

TRUNDD : TRAIL receptor with a tDD

Trx : thioredoxin

TS : 1) temperature-sensitive (ts) ; 2) tumour suppressor ; 3) thymidylate synth(et)ase

TSA : 1) transition state analogous ; 2) tumour-specific Ag ; 3) trichostatin A ; 4) trypomastigote surface Ag ; 5) tryptic soy agar

TSAb : thyroid-stimulating Ab

TSC : tuberous sclerosis

TSE : transmissible spongiform encephalopathy

TSH : thyroid-stimulating hormone

TSHR : TSH receptor

TSI : triple sugar iron (medium)

TSLP : thymic stromal lymphopoietin

TSLS : toxic shock-like syndrome

TSP : 1) tumor specific protein ; 2) teaspoon ; 3) thrombospondin (repeat or domain) ; 4) tail specific protease (domain)

TSS : 1) toxic shock syndrome ; 2) transcription start site ; 3) technical services staff

TSST : toxic shock syndrome toxin

TSTA : tumour specific transplantation Ag

TT : 1) differential transmissivity (T/T) ; 2) thrombin time

TT₄ : total T₄

TTD : trichothiodistrophy

TTF : time to treatment failure

TTG : tissue transglutaminase (tTG)

TTI : tritiated thymidine incorporation (TT_i)

Ttk : tramtrack

TTP : thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura; time to progression

TTQ : Trp tryptopylquinone

TTR : transthyretin

TTV : TT (initials of the Japanese patient in which was first detected) virus

TTX : tetrodotoxin

TTX-R : TTX-resistant

TUNEL : TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end-labeling

TUR : trans-urethral resecation

TV : tidal volume

TVB-N : total volatile basic nitrogen

TWEAK : (a secreted ligand in the) T(NF family that) weak(ly induces apoptosis)

TX : 1) thromboxane (Tx) ; 2) toxin

TY : thyroglobulin (repeat)

Tyr : tyrosine

Tyk : ty(rosine) k(inase)

TZD : thiazolidinedione

- U -

U : 1) uracil ; 2) Sec ; 3) sometimes wrong typographical abbreviation for m ; 4) uracil-rich protein ; 5) unit (U/u) ; 6) m (u) ; 7) upstream (u)

U2AF : U2 snRNP auxiliary factor

UAS : upstream activating sequence

Ub : ubiquitin

UBC : Ub-carrier (enzyme)

UBF : upstream binding factor

UBL : Ub-like (protein)

UC : ulcerative colitis

UCE : Ub-conjugating enzyme

UCH : Ub carboxy-terminal hydrolase

UCHD : usual childhood disease

UCLA : university of California, Los Angeles

UCP : uncoupling protein

UCR : 1) upstream coinserved region ; 2) ubiquinol-cytochrome c reductase

UCRP : Ub cross-reactive protein

UCS : union of concerned scientists

UCSF : university of California, San Francisco

UCTD : undetermined connective tissue disease

UCVA : uncorrected visual acuity

UDG : uracil-DNA glycosylase

UDP : 1) Ub-domain protein ; 2) uridine diphosphate

UDPG : UDP-glucose

UdR : uridine deoxyribose

uE₃ : unconjugated E₃

UEC : unequal crossing-over

UESCE : unequal SCE

UFH : unwanted facial hair

UFO : unidentified flying object

UFSH : uroFSH (uFSH)

UGA : under general anaesthesia

UGT : UDP-glucoronosyltransferase

UHF : ultrahigh frequency

UL : 1) (tolerable) upper (intake) level ; 2) unique long (region)

ULBP : UL-16-binding protein

ULP : Ub-like protein-processing enzyme

um : 2'-O-methyluridine

umami : umai (i.e. : delicious)

UMIST : University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology

UMP : uridine monophosphate

UN : united nations (organization)

UNESCO : UN educational, scientific and cultural organization

ung : unguentum (i.e. : ointment)

unk : unknown

UPA : urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA ; u-PA)

UPD : uniparental disomy

UPE : urine protein electrophoresis

UPEP : urine protein electrophoresis

UPF : up-frameshift suppressor protein

UPGMA : unweighted pair group method using arithmetic-average

UPP : urethral pressure profile

UPR : unfolded protein response

UR : ubiquitous receptor

UR2SV : UR2 sarcoma virus

URA : unjustified recurrent abortion

URF : unassigned reading frame

URI : upper respiratory tract infection

URL : uniform resource locator

URT : upper respiratory tract

US : 1) United States (of America) ; 2) unique short (region)

USA : US of America

USAID : US agency for international development

USAMIIRD : US army medical research institute for infectious disease

USAN : US asopted name

USDA : United States Department of Agriculture

USF : upstream stimulatory factor

USP : US pharmacopeia

USPDI : USP dispensing information

UTA : unconventional transmissible agent

ut dict. : ut dictatum (i.e. : as directed)

UTI : urinary tract infection

UTP : uridine triphosphate

UTR : untranslated region

UTS : untranslated sequence

UV : ultraviolet

UVDE : UV-damage endonuclease

UVR : UV radiation

- V -

V : 1) viral (v) ; 2) vesicle (v) ; 3) volt (unit) ; 4) velocity (v/V) ; 5) Val ; 6) vascular ; 7) variable (region) ; 8) vertical limb of ; 9) vacuolar (H⁺ ATPase) ; 10) follows U in the alphabet (i.e. : A or C or G in base codes)

VA : vanillic acid

VA-CH3-TFA : vanillic acid methyl ester trifluoroacetate

VAHIT : veterans affairs HDL intervention trial

Val : valine

VAlc-TFA : vanillylalcohol trifluoroacetate

VAMP : vesicle-associated membrane protein

Van-TFA : vanillin trifluoroacetate

VAP : vascular adhesion protein

VAS : visual analogue scale

VATS : video-assisted thoracic surgery

VB : veronal buffer

VBS : veronal buffered saline

VC : vital capacity

VCA : viral capsid Ag

VCAM : vascular CAM

VCD : vibrational CD

vCJD : new-variant CJD

VCP : vaccinia-virus complement-control protein

VCSA : viral cell surface Ag

VD : 1) viroid (Vd) ; 2) venereal disease ; 3) vessel density

VDAC : voltage-dependent anion channel

VDH : valvular disease of the heart

VDR : vitamin D receptor

VDRE : vitamin D responsive element

VDRL : venereal disease research laboratories

VDT : video display terminal

VDU : visual display unit

VE : Viliuisk encephalomyelitis

VEA : viral envelope Ag

VEE : Venezuelan equine encephalitis (virus)

VEGF : vascular endothelial GF

VEID : Val-Glu-Ile-Asp

VEJAM : vascular endothelial junction-associated molecule

VF : ventricular fibrillation

Vh : volts x hour

VHEV : Vilyuisk human encephalomyelitis virus

VHF : viral haemorragic fever

VHL : von Hippel-Lindau (syndrome)

VHP : villin headpiece

VHS : VPS-27, Hrs and STAM (domain)

VHSV : viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus

VIC : vasoactive intestinal contractor

Vid : vacuolar import and degradation

VIGS : virus-induced gene silencing

VIP : vasoactive intestinal peptide

vis : visible (to the human eye)

VISA : vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus

VISI : vaccine identification standards initiative

VIT : vitamin

viz : videlicet (i.e. : that is, namely)

VLA : 1) very late antigen ; 2) very large array

VLCFA : very long chain (i.e. >18) fatty acid

VLDL : very low-density lipoprotein

VLP : virus-like particle

VLS : vascular leak syndrome

VLSI : very large-scale integration

VMA : vanillylmandelic acid

V_max : maximal (maximum) velocity

VMN : ventromedial nucleus

VMP : variable major protein

VN : 1) virus neutralization ; 2) vitronectin

VNDR : variable number of dinucleotide repeats

VNO : vomeronasal organ

VNR : vitronectin receptor

VNTR : variable number of tander repeats

vol(.) : volume

VP : 1) 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone ; 2) viral protein ; 3) vacuum packaging

VPC : vector-producing cell

VR : 1) virtual reality ; 2) vestitone reductase ; 3) vanilloid receptor ; 4) vomeronasal receptor

VRE : vancomycin-resistant Enterococci

VRL : VR-like

VRSA : vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

VRV : viper retrovirus

VS : 1) versus (i.e. : against) (vs(.)) ; 2) vide supra (i.e. : see above) (v.s.)

VSA : variant surface antigen

VSG : variable surface glycoprotein

VSMC : vascular smooth muscle cell

VSN : vomeronasal sensory neuron

VSV : vesicular stomatitis virus

VT : ventricular tachycardia

VTA : ventral tegmental area

VTLB : videothoracoscopic lung biopsy

VTMoV : velvet tobacco mottle virusoid

VV : volume/volume ratio (^v/_v)  ; 2) variola virus

vWD : von Willebrand disease

vWF : von Willebrand factor

VWM : vanishing white matter

VZ : ventricular (germinal) zone

VZV : varicella-zoster virus

- W -

W : 1) Trp ; 2) bird sexual chromosome ; 3) watt(s) ; 4) whriting number (W) ; 5) double covalent bond position in a FFA starting from methyl group (w) ; 6) angular speed (w) ; 7) weak interaction (i.e. : A or T in base codes)

WAGR : WT + aniris + genitourinary malformations + mental retardation (syndrome)

WAP : wireless application protocol

WAS : Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome

WASp : Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein

WBC : white blood cell

WBCC : whole blood cell culture

WBI : whole body irradiation

WBS : Williams-Beuren syndrome

WD : 1) well-developed (w-d) ; 2) ward (Wd)

WDM : warm dense matter

WEE : Western equine encephalitis

WEEV : WEE virus

WF : white female

Wg : wingless

WGA : wheat germ agglutinin

WGD : whole genome duplication

WGRH : whole-genome radiation hybrids

WH : 1) white (wh) ; 2) WASP homology region

WHAM : weighted histogram analysis method

Whn : Winged-helix nude

WHO : world health organization

WHR : waist-hip ratio

WIP : WASp-interacting protein

WISK : wortmannin-sensitive and insulin-stimulated PFK-2 kinase

wk : week

WL : wavelenght

WM : white male

WMD : weapons of mass destruction

WMSV : wooly monkey sarcoma virus

WN : 1) well-nourished (w-n) ; 2) West-Nile

WND : wound  (wnd)

WNL : within normal limits

WNLV : West Nile-like virus

Wnt : W(ingless) and (I)nt

WOSCOPS : West of Scotland coronary prevention study

WP : white pulp

WPGMA : weighted pair group method using arithmetic average

WPW : Wolff-Parkinson-White (syndrome)

WR : worm-specific repeat

WRI : Wriggle mouse sagami

WRN : Werner

WRS : Wolcott-Rallison syndrome

WS : Werner syndrome

WT : 1) Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene/protein ; 2) wild-type ; 3) weight (wt(.))

WTO : world trade organization

^w/_v : weight/volume ratio

WW : 1) Trp-Trp (domain) ; 2) weight/weight ratio (^w/_w)

www : world wide web

- X -

X : 1) Xaa ; 2) mammalian sexual chromosome ; 3) Xenopus laevis homologous (x) ; 4) times (x) ; 5) 3-(3-amino-3-carboxypropyl)uridine (x)

Xaa : unknown or "other" aminoacid

Xce : X control element

X(-)gal : 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-b-D-galactopiranoside

XGPRT : xanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase

XIAP : X-linked IAP

XIC : X inactivation center  (XIC/Xic)

XLA : X-linked agammaglobulinemia

XLCM : X-linked cardiomyopathy

XLP : X-linked lymphoproliferative (syndrome)

XME : xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme

XMP : xanthosine 5'-monophosphate

XP : xeroderma pigmentosum

XRCC : X-ray repair cross-complementing (group)

XTAL : crystallin (domain)

Xu : xylulose

Xyl : xylose

- Y -

Y : 1) Tyr ; 2) mammalian sexual chromosome ; 3) dihedral angle of rotation around the C-^aC bond in a peptide unit (y) ; 4) pyrimidine ; 5) pseudouridine (y) ; 6) specificity (y)

Y73SV : Y73 sarcoma virus

YAC : yeast artificial chromosome

YADH : yeast alcohol dehydrogenase

yacto : 10^-24

YAG : yttrium, aluminum, and garnet (laser)

YAP : Yes-associated protein

yd : yard

YF : yellow fever

YFP : yellow fluorescent gprotein

YFV : yellow fever virus

YOB : year of birth

yotta : 10²⁴

YPD : 1) yeast extract/peptone/dextrose ; 2) yeast protein database

yr : year

YSZ : Y₂O₃-stabilized ZrO₂

YTF : youth travel fund (grant)

yw : wybutosine

- Z -

Z : 1) LOD score ; 2) Glx ; 3) bird sexual chromosome ; 4) zusammen (Z) ; 5) valence (z) ; 6) unknown quantity (z)

ZAP : z -associated protein

ZDV : zidovudine

zen : zerknullt

zepto : 10^-21

zetta : 10²¹

ZF : Zn finger  (domain)

ZIG : zoster Ig

ZIP : 1) Leu zipper ; 2) zipper-interacting (serine/threonine) protein (kinase) ; 3) (PKC)z-interacting protein

ZnF : Zn finger (domain) (ZnF, Znf)

ZO : zonula occludens

ZP : zona pellucida (domain)

ZPA : zone of polarizing activity

ZPS : zwitterionic polysaccharide

ZU : ZO-1 and Unc5-like netrin receptors (domain)

zVAD : benzoxy-Val-Ala-Asp

zw : zeste-white

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