(You may also try searching in a shorter Italian version)

An abbreviation is a shortened form of a text-string.
An acronym is an abbreviation of a phrase, where each letter of the acronym is added consecutively from the first letter of each of the words of the phrase.

Use the Find tool of your browser (Ctrl+F) to search this page or use alphabet bar to select a word beginning with:

• This list includes abbreviations and acronyms regarding :

• standard units of measurement
• combining prefixes
• statistical terms
• chemical elements (and their main isotopes) according to Berzelius' convention
• single-letter and three-letters (normal and modified) amino acid nomenclature
• (normal and modified) nucleotide nomenclature
• sperimentally used synthetic compounds
• common genes and proteins
• common metabolites
• common bacteria and viruses
• common restriction enzymes
• common diseases
• common alkaloids and drugs
• project names (e.g. : HGP, HGDP, ...)
• Abbreviations and acronyms are listed in alphabetical order. The symbols :
• - (hyphen)
• . (dot)
• / (stroke)
• (space)
• & (and)
eventually present in the abbreviation or in the acronym, are ignored when positioning it in the list. The complete and correct form of the abbreviation or of the acronym is given in the round parenthesis after the definition.
• When a so-built abbreviation or acronym corresponds to more than one definition, the definitions are listed in a random order and separated by Arabian numerals.
• Some definitions include abbreviations or acronyms, too : obviously they're enclosed in this list.
• Greek letters are treated and listed as latinized word components according to the following table :

alfa (A, a) = A, a
beta (B, b) = B, b
gamma (G, g) = G, g
delta (D, d) = D, d
epsilon (E, e) = E, e
zeta (Z, z) = Z, z
eta (H, h) = H, h
theta (Q, q) = Q, q
iota (I, i) = I, i
kappa (K, k) = K, k
lambda (L, l) = L, l
mi / mu (M, m) = M, m
ni / nu (N, n) = N, n
xi (X, x) = X, x
omicron (O, o) = O, o
pi (P, p) = P, p
ro (R, r) = R, r
sigma (S, s) = S, s
tau (T, t) = T, t
upsilon (U, u) = U, u
fi (F, f) = F, f
chi (C, c) = C, c
psi (Y, y) = Y, y
omega (W, w) = W, w
• Words in languages other than English are represented in tilted characters.
• You may sometimes find in round parenthesis after definitions words whose initials are not enclosed in the acronyms : they're useful in order to clarify the context of the definition.
• Definitions of some acronyms comprehends round parenthesis in order to evidentiate part of the words determining the acronyms.
• Please note that the same definition may show up under multiple abbreviations or acronyms.
• Some abbreviations are considered wrong by official conventions : they've been inserted in this list because of their wide use in practice.
• Please make attention with the following alternative spellings :

haem / heme , tumor / tumour , fetal / foetal , leukaemia / leukemia
• This list doesn't include abbreviations and acronyms regarding :

• uncommon magazine titles
• uncommon associations, institutions and companies
• uncommon gene symbols beginning with letter a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l, m, n, o, p, q, r, s, t, u, v, w, x, y, z.
• uncommon enzymes and metabolites
• uncommon cell lines
• paralogous genes  (1, 2, 3 , 4 ...) and protein isoforms (a, b, g, d, e, z .. or A, B, C...)
• proteolysis fragment (a, b, ...)
• related metabolites (e.g.  PGE, PGF, PGH, ...)
• covalent double-bond number (e.g. LTC₄, LTD₄, LTE₄, LTF₄,...)
• regularly-named biochemical compounds (e.g. : NO, CO, Fe₃O₄, OsO₄, CN^-, N₃^-, AgNO₃, CCl₄, Al₂O₃, ...)
• virus strains (e.g. : HIV-1, HIV-2, ...)
• software and database names (e.g. : SSAP, SCOP, BLAST, FASTA, WAIS, ...)
• old and new CD molecules
• genetic code, cause it's different in some species
• uncommon cytokine synonims
• If you don't find your word here, please try looking it up in :

1) The lightning hypertext of disease
2) COPE (#, A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z)
3) Weizmann Institute
4) BioTech's Chemical Acronyms Database
5) Acronym Finder at Wiley Interscience
6)

Search For

Medical Abbreviations www.pharma-lexicon.com


 
• Disclaimer:

I shall not under any circumstances be liable for the completeness or accuracy of the data used in this database or for any injury and /or damage to property or persons arising from the use or operation of any methods, products, instructions or ideas contained in or referenced to in such material. I recommend independent verification of all data. Anybody may use the Database for research and educational purposes only, and may not publish, reproduce, transmit, store in any information retrieval system, or otherwise make available or sell the contents, whether in hard copy, electronically transmitted or any other form, and whether for commercial or other purposes, other than for the above mentioned purposes.

- # -

%C : cross-linking agent (g/100mL) / %T

%T : total gel concentration

1-D : one dimensional

1-HP : 1-hydroxypyrene

1-MT : 1-methyl-DL-tryptophan

1-7 CHI : 1-(7-carboxyheptyl) imidazole

2,4-D : dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

2,4,5-T : 2,4,5-trichlorphenoxy-acetic acid

2-AM : 2-acetoxymethylester

2-AP : 2-amino purine

2-D : two-dimensional

2-DDGE : 2-D DNA gel electrophoresis

2-DE : 1) 2-D electrophoresis ; 2) 2-D echocardiography

2-EHMC : 2-ethylhexyl p-methoxycinnamate

2-HIS : 2-hydroxyflavanone synthase

2-ME : 2-mercaptoethanol

2-PAM : pyridine-2-aldoxime methyl chloride

3AP : 3-acetylpyridine (3-AP)

3D : three-dimensional

3-MB : 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzylamine

3-MT : 3-methoxytyramine

3-OMD : 3-O-methylDOPA

3T3 : (cell line with) optimal growth if subcultivated at 3x10⁵ cell/dish every 3 days

3VC : 3 vessel cord

4-AP : 4-aminopyridine

4-a-PDD : 4-a-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate

4CL : 4-coumarate CoA ligase

4E-BP : eIF-4E binding protein

4-HPR : 4-hydroxyphenylretinamide

4-MB :  4-methoxy-3-hydroxybenzylamine

4-MT : 4-methoxytyramine

4-OHT : 4-hydroxytamoxifen

4S : Scandinavian simvastatin survival study

4.1m : putative band 4.1 homologues binding motif

5-BU : 5-bromouracil

5-HIAA : 5-hydroxy-indol-acetic acid

5-HT : 5-hydroxytryptamine

5-MOP : 5-methoxypsoralen

5ohU : 5-hydroxyuracil

5'-TOP : 5'-terminal oligopyrimidine-rich (tract)

53BP : p53 binding protein

6Ckine : chemokine with 6 Cys residues

6-DMAP : 6-dimethylaminopurine

6-MP : 6-mercaptopurine

6-TG : 6-thioguanine

6TX : 6-thioxanthine

7AAD : 7-amino actinomycin D (7-AAD)

- A -

A : 1) adenosine ; 2) Ala ; 3) atto (a) ; 4) angstrom (Å) ; 5) activated (a) ; 6) absorbance ; 7) anisotropic ; 8) ampere (unit) ; 9) acid(ic) or anionic (a) ; 10) abortion ; 11) adriamycin ; 12) artery ; 13) ante ; 14) accommodation ; 15) adenine ; 16) agonist

A1AT : a₁-antitrypsin

A/D : analog-to-digital converter

AA : 1) acrylamide ; 2) arachidonic acid ; 3) amino acid (aa) ; 4) adjuvant arthritis

AAA : aromatic amino acid

AAAS : American association for the advancement of science

AABB : American Association of Blood Banks

AACC : American Association of Clinical Chemistry

AACR : American association for cancer research

Aad : 2-aminoadipic acid

AAF : N-acetoxy-acetylaminofluorene

AAHA : azelaic-1-hydroxamate-9-anilide

AAI : average arthritic index

AAMP : angio-associated migratory cell protein

AAnP : anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis

AAP : 1) N-acryloylaminopropanol ; 2) Ala-amino-peptidase ; 3) aerobic, anoxygenic, phototrophic (Bacteria)

AAPC : 1,2-arachidonyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine

AAPH : 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane)hydrochloride

AAR : 1) amino acid replacement ; 2) a-adrenergic receptor (aAR)

AAT : a₁-antitrypsin

AAV : adeno-associated virus

AB : 1)  antibody (Ab) ; 2) acidic box

AB0 : I^A, I^B or i blood group (once called ABO, where O stands for ohne = without (Ag))

ABA : abscisic acid

ABAE : adult bovine aortic endothelial (cell)

ABC : 1) ATP-binding cassette ; 2) airway-breathing-circulation (A-B-C) ; 3) avidin-biotin complex

ABCD : 1) airway-breathing-circulation-defribillation (or differential diagnosis) (A-B-C-D) ; 2) activated B cells and dendritic cells (chemokine)

aBCGF : autostimulatory B-cell GF

ABF : ARS-binding factor (Abf)

ABG : arterial blood gases

aBGF : autostimulatory B-cell GF

ABH : adaptive bleaching hypothesis

ABHA : azelaic bishydroxamic acid

ABHD : antibacterial host defense

ABIA : Ab-induced arthritis (AbIA)

Abl : Ab(e)l(son protein tyrosine kinase)

AbMLV : Abelson murine leukemia virus

ABMT : autologous bone marrow transplantation

ABP : 1) androgen binding protein ; 2) actin binding protein

ABPA : allergic bornchopulmonary aspergillosis

ABR : AtBI-2-related

ABS : antibody-binding site

ABTS : 2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)

Abu : 2-aminobutyric acid

Abzyme : Ab enzyme

AC : 1) acetyl- (Ac-) ; 2) adenylyl cyclase ; 3) alternating current (ac) ; 4) ante cibum (i.e. before meals) (a.c.) ; 5) actinium (Ac) ; 6) acidic (motif) (Ac) ; 7) anterior chamber

ac4c : 4-acetylcytidine

ACA : anticardiolipin Ab

ACAID : anterior chamber-associated immune deviation

A(-)CAM : zonula adhaerens-specific CAM

ACAT : acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl transferase

ACC : 1) acetyl-CoA carboxylase ; 2) ATP-gated cation channel ; 3) amylase creatinine clearance ; 4) 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid ; 5) American college of cardiology

ACCP : american college of chest physicians

ACD : 1) active cell death ; 2) acid citrate dextrose (anticoagulant) ; 3) anemia of chronic disease

ACE : 1) ACh esterase ; 2) angiotensin-I converting enzyme ; 3) amplification control element ; 4) adenosine-cytosine-rich element

ACES : 2-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]ethanesulfonic acid

ACG : American college of gastroenterology

ACh : acetylcholine

AChE : Ach esterase

AChR : ACh receptor

ACK : acetyl-CoA carboxylase kinase

ACLS : advanced cardiac life support

ACMV : 1) assist-control mode ventilation ; 2) African cassaya mosaic virus

ACN : acetonitrile

AcNPV : Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus

ACOG : American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology

ACP : 1) acyl carrier protein ; 2) acid phosphatase (AcP)

ACPC : (R,R)-trans-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid

ACS : anomalously replicating consensus sequence

ACSF : artificial CSF

ACT : 1) activated clotting time ; 2) Advanced Cell Technology (Co.)

ACTH : adrenocorticotropic hormone

ACTR : ac(etyl)tr(ansferase)

ACV : acyclovir ([9-(2-hydroxyethoxymethyl)guanine])

AD : 1) adenovirus (Ad) ; 2) Alzheimer's disease ; 3) alternis diebus (i.e. : alternating days) (a.d.) ; 4) anno domini (i.e. : year of the Master) (A.D.) ; 5) atopic dermatitis

ADA : adenosine deaminase

ADAM : a disintegrin and metalloproteinase

ADCC : Ab-dependent cell-mediated citotoxicity

ADD : adipocyte determination and differentiation factor (i.e. : SREBP)

ADE : 1) adenine (Ade) ; 2) antibody-dependent enhancement

ADEPT : Ab-dependent enzyme-mediated prodrug therapy

ADF : 1) actin depolimerizing factor (domain) ; 2) ATL-derived factor ; 3) adipocyte differentiation factor

ADH : 1) alcohol dehydrogenase ; 2) antidiuretic hormone

ADHD : attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

ADI : acceptable daily intake

ADIF : autocrine differentiation-inhibiting factor

ADL : activities of daily living

ADM : adrenomedullin

ADMA : asymmetric dimethyl-L-Arg

ADME : absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

ADMP : anti-dorsaling morphogenetic protein

ADNase : anti-DNAse

ADP : adenosine 5'-diphosphate

Ado : adenosine

ADPRT : poly(ADP-ribosyl) transferase

AdoMet : S-adenosylmethionine

AdR : adenine deoxyribose

ADV : Aujeszky's disease virus

ADX : adrenalectomy

ADT : alternate-day treatment

AE : adverse event

AEA : anandamide

AEBC : agriculture and environment biotechnology commission

AEC : 1) atomic energy commission ; 2) 3-amino-9-ethylcarbazole

AED : automatic external defibrillator

AEDS : atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome

AEF : 1) amyloidosis enhancing factor ; 2) allogeneic effect factor

AEP : 2-aminoethylphosphonate

AER : apex ectodermic ridge

AET : 2-aminoethylisothiouronium bromide

AF : 1) audio frequency (af) ; 2) antiflammin ; 3) acid-fast ; 4) amniotic fluid ; 5) atrial fibrillation

AFAP : actin-filament-associated protein

AFB : acid-fast bacillus

AFC : 1) 7-amino-4-trifluoromethyl coumarin ; 2) Ab-forming cell ; 3) alkaline fuel cell

AFCAPS : Air Force coronary atherosclerosis prevention study

AFGP : antifreeze glycoprotein

AFK : actin-fragmin kinase

AFLP : 1) amplification fragment length polymorphism ; 2) amplified fragment length polymorphism

AFM : atomic force microscopy

AFP : a₁-fetoprotein

AG : 1) antigen (Ag) ; 2) argentum (i.e. : silver) (Ag) ; 3) albumin/globulin ratio (A/G)

AGC : 1) advanced gastric cancer ; 2) a-galactosylceramide (aGC)

AGE : 1) agarose gel electrophoresis ; 2) advanced glycation end-product

AGEPC : acetylglyceryletherphosphorylcholine

AGF : 1) adipocyte GF ; 2) adrenal GF ; 3) autocrine GF

AGID : agar gel immunodiffusion

AGIF : 1) agarose isoelectrofocusing ; 2) adipogenesis inhibitory factor

AGL : acute glomerular nephritis

AGM : aorta, gonads and mesonephros

AGP : a₁-acid glycoprotein

AgRP : agouti-related protein

AGSF : autocrine growth stimulatory factor

AH : aconitate hydratase

AHA : 1) acquired hemolytic anemia ; 2) autoimmune hemolytic anemia ; 3) American Heart Association

AHBC : hepatitis B core antibody

AHCPR : agency for health care and practice research

AHD : alveolar hydatid disease

AHF : antihemophilic factor

AHI : Animal Health Institute

AHL : 1) archael histon and TF (domain) ; 2) age-related hearing loss

AHP : afterhyperpolarization

AHPN : 6-[3-(1-adamantyl)-4-hydroxyphneyl]-2-naphtalene carboxylic acid

AHPRBP : 3-amino-1-hydroxy-propylidene-1,1-bisphosphonate (AHPrBP)

AHR : 1) aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) ; 2) airway hyper-reactivity

AHRE : Ahr response element

AHT : antihyaluronidase titer

Ahx : 2-aminohexanoic acid (i.e. : Nle)

AI : 1) adequate intake ; 2) artificial intelligence ; 3) arthritic index

AIA : 1) adjuvant-induced arthritis ; 2) activation-induced apoptosis ; 3) aspirin-induced asthma

AICAR : 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxyamide ribonucleotide

AICD : activation-induced cell death

AID : activation-induced cytidine deaminase

AIDS : acquired immune deficiency syndrome

AIED : autoimmune inner ear disease

AIF : apoptosis inducing factor

AIG : 1) autoimmune gastritis ; 2) anchorage indipendent growth

AIGF : activation-induced GF

AIH : autoimmune hepatitis

AIHA : autoimmune hemolytic anemia

AIM : 1) activation inducer molecule ; 2) astroglia inducing molecule ; 3) apoptosis inhibition expressed by macrophages

AINR : activation-induced nonresponsiveness

AIP : 1) ALG-2 interacting protein ; 2) acute intermittent porphyria ; 3) average intravascular pressure

AIR : 5-aminoimidazhole ribonucleotide

AIRE : autoimmune regulator

AIT : adoptive immunotherapy

AK : actinic keratose

AKA : also known as (a.k.a.)

AKAP : A-kinase (i.e. : PK-A) anchoring protein

AKRMLV : AKR murine leukemia virus

AL : 1) amyloid L (chain) ; 2) aluminium (Al)

ALA : 1) alanine (Ala) ; 2) d-aminolevulinic acid ; 3) a-linolenic acid

ALAK : adherent lymphokine-activated killer cell

ALARA : as low as reasonable achievable

Alb : albumin

ALC : allogeneic lymphocyte cytotoxicity

ALCAM : activated leukocyte CAM

ALDH : acetaldehyde dehydrogenase

ALG : apoptosis-linked gene

ALIFE : artificial life (Alife)

ALIP : abnormal localization of immature precursors

ALK : 1) alkaline (alk) ; 2) activin receptor-like kinase

AlkP : alkaline phosphatase

ALK-PDE : alkaline PDE

ALL : acute lymphoid (or lymphoblastic or lymphocytic) leukaemia

ALLN : N-acetyl-leucinyl-leucinyl-norleucinal

allo- : second amino acid diastereoisomer discovered

ALML/R : anterior lateral microtubule cell left/right

AlP : alkaline phosphatase

ALPC : allophycocyanin

ALPI : alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes

ALPS : autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome

ALR : augmenter of liver regeneration

ALS : 1) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ; 2) acetolactate synthase ; 3) advanced life support ; 4) additional lung sound

ALT : Ala transaminase

alt.dieb. : alternis diebus (i.e. : every other day)

alt.hor. : alternis horis (i.e. : every other hour)

alt.noct. : alternis noctibus (i.e. : every other night)

Alu : Arthrobacter luteus

ALV : avian leukosis (or leukemia) virus

AM : 1) ante meridiem (i.e. : before noon) (a.m. , AM) ; 2) adrenomedullin ; 3) americium (Am) ; 4) amplitude modulation ; 5) amygdala ; 6) amplitude-modulated ; 7) alveolar macrophage ; 8) acetoxymethylester

AMA : 1) against medical advice ; 2) antimitochondrial antibody ; 3) American Medical Association ; 4) apical membrane antigen

AMAC : alternative activated macrophage associated C-C-chemokine

ambo- : mixture of diastereoisomers formed by condensation between DL-amino acids

AMBP : a₁-microglobulin/bikunin precursor

AMC : 7-amino-4-methyl coumarin

AMCA : AMC acetate

AMCC : adherent marrow cell culture

AMCF : alveolar macrophage chemotactic factor

AMDGF : alveolar macrophage derived GF

AME : Apparent mineralcorticoid excess (syndrome)

AMF : autocrine motility factor

AMH : anti-Mullerian hormone

AMI : 1) acute myocardial infarction ; 2) Ab-mediated immunity

AMKL : acute megakaryoblastic leukemia

AML : acute myeloid (or myeloblastic or myelogenous) leukaemia

AMLA : antimyolemmal antibody

AMLR : autologous mixed leukocyte reaction

AMLV : Abelson murine leukaemia virus

AMP : 1) ampicillin (amp) ; 2) adenosine 5'-monophosphate

AMPA : 1) aminomethylphosphonic acid ; 2) DL-a-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-4-propionic acid

ampholyte : ampho(teric electro)lyte

AMPK : AMP-activated kinase

AMPPK : AMP-activated protein kinase

AMPRK : AMP regulated (protein) kinase

AMR : amphiregulin

AMS : accelerator mass spectrometry

amt : amount

A-MuLV : Abelson murine leukaemia virus

AMV : avian myeloblastosis virus

AN : Aspergillus nidulans (An)

ANA : antinuclear Ag/Ab

AnAnP : anaerobic anoxygenic photosynthesis

ANAP : anionic neutrophil-activating peptide

anat : anatomy, anatomic

ANATO : anaphylotoxin (homologous domain)

ANC : 1) absolute neutrophil count ; 2) adenine nucleotide carrier

ANCA : anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody

anes : anesthesia

ANF : 1) antinuclear factor ; 2) atrial natriuretic factor

Ang : angiopoietin

ANK : ankyrin (repeat)

ANLL : acute non-lymphoid (or non-lymphocytic) leukaemia

ANOVA : analysis of variance

ANP : atrial natriuretic peptide

ANS : anilinonaphtalene sulfonate

ANT : 1) adenine nucleotide translocator ; 2) anterior (ant)

ANX : annexin (repeat)

AOB : accessory olfactory bulb

AOD : autoimmune ovarian dysgenesis

AOM : azoxymethane

AOP : aminooxypentane

AOT : dioctyl sulfosuccinate

AOX : alternative oxidase

APACHE : acute physiology and chronic health evaluation

Apaf : apoptotic protease activating factor

AP : 1) activator protein ; 2) associated protein ; 3) adaptor protein ; 4) apurinic or apyrimidinic (site) ; 5) alkaline phosphatase ; 6) away-from-the pole (motion)

APACHE : acute physiology and chronic health evaluation

APAP : acetaminophen

APC : 1) adenomatous polyposis coli ; 2) anaphase-promoting complex ; 3) Ag-presenting cell ; 4) activated protein C ; 5) (3R,4S)-trans-4-aminopyrrolidine-3-carboxylic acid ; 6) allophycocyanin

APCA : antiparietal cell antibody

APC/C : anaphase-promoting complex / cyclosome

APD : action potential duration

APDS :  ammonium peroxodisulfate

APE : 1) 2-aminopentanoic acid (i.e. : Nva) (Ape) ; 2) AP endonuclease

Apg : autophagy

APH : 3'-aminoglycoside phosphotransferase (Aph)

API : 1) active pharmaceutical ingredient  ; 2) atmospheric pressure ionization

aPKC : atypical PKC

APL : 1) acute promyelocytic leukaemia ; 2) altered peptide ligand

APL-A : Aplysia californica cAMP-dependent (PK)

Apm : aminopimelic acid

APN : aminopeptidase N

APO : 1) apoptosis ; 2) apolipoprotein (apo)

APP : 1) acute phase protein ; 2) amyloid precursor protein ; 3) alveolar proteinosis

AP-PCR : arbitrarily primed PCR

appl : applicable, application, appliance

approx : approximate

APR : acute phase response

APRIL : a proliferation-inducing ligand

APRT : adenine phosphoribosyltransferase

APS : ammonium persulfate

APSAC : acylated plasminogen-streptokinase activator complex

aPTT : activated partial thromboplastin time

APUD : amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation

AQH : aqueous humor (AqH)

AR : 1) androgen receptor ; 2) amphiregulin ; 3) argon (Ar) ; 4) acyclic retinoid ; 5) agonist-receptor (complex) ; 6) adrenergic receptor

ARA : 1) arabinose (Ara) ; 2) antireticulin antibody

ara(-)A : 1-b-D-arabinofuranosyladenine

ara(-)C : 1-b-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine

ARAM : Ag recognition activation motif

ARB : 1) angiotensin receptor blocker ; 2) average relative binding

ARC : 1) apoptosis repressor with CARD domain ; 2) AIDS-related complex ; 3) aerobic respiration control (Arc) ; 4) arcuate nucleus ; 5) absolute reticulocyte count

ARD : absolute risk difference

ARDS : acute respiratory distress syndrome

ARE : 1) activation response element ; 2) AU-rich element ; 3) antioxidant response element

ARF : 1) alternate reading frame of the ink4a locus (murine p19, human p14) ; 2) ADP-ribosylation factor ; 3) auxin-response factor ; 4) acute renal failure

ARG : 1) arginine (Arg) ; 2) autoradiography

ARI : 1) absolute risk increase ; 2) acute respiratory infection

ARM : Armadillo-like (domain)

ARMS : amplification refractary mutation system

ArMV : arabis mosaic nepovirus

ARNO : ARF nucleotide-binding-site opener

ARR : 1) absolute risk reduction ; 2) arrestin (Arr)

ARRE : Ag-responsive element

ARS : 1) p-azophenylarsonate (Ars) ; 2) autonomously replicating sequence

ART : 1) assisted reproduction technologies ; 2) artemin ; 3) antiretroviral therapy

AS : 1) additive solution ; 2) antisense ; 3) arsenic (As) ; 4) alternatively spliced

ASA : 1) advanced sequence analysis ; 2) antisarcolemmal antibody ; 3) acetylsalicylic acid

ASAP : 1) allele specific associated primer ; 2) as soon as possible ; 3) Arf-GTPase-activating protein

ASBVd : avocado sunblotch Vd

ASAC : 1) antibody-secreting cell ; 2) achaete-scute (AS-C) ; 3) adult stem cell

ASCVD : atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease

ASF : airway surface fluid

ASFV : African swine fever virus

ASGPR : asialoglycoprotein receptor

ASHG : American society of human genetics

ASI : active specific immunization / immunotherapy

ASIC : acid-sensing ion channel

ASK : 1) apoptosis signal-regulating kinase ; 2) antistreptokinase

ASKA : antiskeletal antibody

ASLO : antistreptolysin O

ASLV : avian sarcoma and leukosis virus

ASM : airway smooth muscle

ASMA : antismooth muscle antibody

Asn : asparagine

ASO : 1) allele-specific oligonucleotide ; 2) antistreptolysine O ; 3) arteriosclerosis obliterans

Asp : aspartic acid

ASPCA : American society for the prevention of cruelty to animals

AS-PCR : allele specific PCR

ASR : area specific resistivity

ASSURE B : allele specific sequencing using restriction enzyme and biotinylation

AST : Asp transaminase

ASV : avian sarcoma virus

Asx : Asp or Asn

AT : 1) angiotensin II (receptor) ; 2) ataxia-telangiectasia ; 3) atomic (at.) ; 4) antithrombin

ATA : aspirin-tolerant asthma

ATAC : activation-induced, T cell-derived, and chemokine-related

ATCase : aspartate transcarbamoylase

ATCC : American type cell culture

ATE : acetate-Tris-EDTA

ATF : 1) activating transcription factor ; 2) aminoterminal fragment

ATL : 1) ascending thin limb ; 2) adult T-cell leukaemia

ATLD : AT-like disorder

ATM : 1) ataxia-telangiectasia mutated ; 2) atmosphere (atm)

ATP : 1) autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura ; 2) adenosine 5'-triphosphate

ATPase : adenosine triphosphatase

ATPgS : 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) (ATPgS)

ATR : ATM + Rad3-related protein kinase

ATRA : 1) angiotensin II-receptor antagonist ; 2) all-trans retinoic acid

ATS : American thoracic society

atto : 10^-18

ATV : 1) automatically triggered ventilator ; 2) automatic transport ventilator

AU : aurum (i.e. : gold) (Au)

AUC : 1) area under the cruve ; 2) analytical ultracentrifugation

Aut : autophagy

AuxRE : auxin-response elements

AV : 1) average (av) ; 2) atrioventricular (node)

AVG : arterovenous graft

AVM : anterior ventral microtubule cell

AVP : Arg-vasopressin

AZ : antizyme

AZT : 3'-azydo-3'-deoxythymidine

- B -

B : 1) Asx ; 2) base (b) ; 3) basic (b) ; 4) bone marrow (lymphocyte) ; 5) bacterial (b) ; 6) follows A in the alphabet (i.e. : C or G or T in base codes) ; 7) boron

B2M : b₂-microglobulin (b₂m)

B41 : band 4.1 homologues

BA : 1) bronchial asthma ; 2) barium (Ba)

BAC : 1) bacterial artificial chromosome ; 2) blood alcohol concentration ; 3) basal acid concentration

BACE : b-site APP-cleaving enzyme

bact : bacterium (-ia)

Bad : Bcl-x_L/Bcl-2 associated death promoter

BAE : bovine aortic endothelial (cell)

BAEC : bovine aortic endothelial cell

Baf : bafilomycin

BAFF : B-cell-activating factor of the TNF family

Bag : Bcl-2 associated athanogene (domain)

BAH : Bromo adjacent homology (domain)

Bak : Bcl-2 antagonist/killer

BAL : 1) British anti-Lewisite ; 2) bronchoalveolar lavage ; 2) blood alcohol level

bAla : b-alanine

BALF : bronchoalveolar lavage fluid

BALT : bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue

BAM : 1) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (Bam) ; 2) bovine adrenal medulla

B[a]P : benzo [a]pyrene

BAPTA : 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid

BAPTA-AM : BAPTA acetoxymethyl ester

BAR : b-adrenergic receptor (bAR)

BARK : bAR kinase (bARK)

bAS : b-amyrin synthase

Bax : Bcl-2 associated x protein

BAY 11-7085 : (E)-3-[(4-t-butylphenylsulfonyl]-2-propenitrile

BB : 1) base buffer ; 2) blood bank

BBAT : buffered Brucella Ag test

BBB : 1) blood-brain barrier ; 2) bundle branch block

BBC : British broadcasting corporation

BBE : berberine bridge enzyme

BBT : basal body temperature

BCA : B-cell attractant

BCAA : branched chain amino acid

BCBL : body cavity-based lymphoma

BCC : 1) basal cell carcinoma ; 2) body-centered-cube (bcc)

BCD : bacterial carbon-demand

BCDF : B-cell differentiation factor

BCECF : 2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-(and-6)-carboxyfluorescein

BCG : bacille Calmette-Guérin

BChl : bacteriochlorophyll

BCIP : 5-Br-4-Cl-3-indoyl phophate

Bcl : B-cell lymphoma

BCLL : B-cell CLL

BCM : bovine cervical mucus

BCMA : B-cell maturation antigen

BCP : 1) birth control pills ; 2) blood cell profile

Bcr : 1) breakpoint cluster region ; 2) B-cell receptor (BcR)

BCVA : best corrected visual acuity

BCZ : B cell zone

BD : Bromo domain

BDA : boomerang DNA amplification

BDE : bromo diphenyl ether

BDL : bursal duict ligation

bDNA : branch DNA

BDNF : brain-derived neurotrophic factor

BDNT : brain-derived neurotrophin

BDS : biological detection system

BE : 1) base excess ; 2) beryllium

BEACH : Beige and CHS

BEC : Bose-Einstein condensate

Beclin : Bcl-2-interacting protein

BEGM : bronchial epithelial growth medium

BER : base excision repair

BES : 17-b-estradiol

BETA : b-cell E-box transactivator

BF : bone fragment

BFA : brefeldin A

BFK : bovine fetal kidney

Bfl : Bcl-2 homolog isolated from a human fetal liver

BFP : 1) bundle-forming pilus ; 2) blue fluorescent protein

BFU : 1) blue-forming unit ; 2) burst-forming unit

BGD : bromcresol green dye

BGE : 1) bacterial growth effciency ; 2) background electrolyte

BGH : bovine growth hormone

BGO : bismuth germanate

BGP : biliary glycoprotein

BGPS : beef extract-glucose-peptone-serum (medium)

BGR : beta-glucan receptor (bGR)

BH : Bcl-2 homolog domain

BH₄ : tetrahydrobiopterin

BHA : butylated hydroxyanisol

BHK : baby hamster kidney (cell line)

BHIB : brain-heart infusion broth

BHR : bronchial hyper-responsiveness

BHT : butylated hydroxytoluene

BI : 1) Bax inhibitor ; 2) bioinformatics

BIA : biomolecular interaction analysis

BIALO : binocular indirect argon laser ophthalmoscopy

bib : bibe (i.e. : drink)

Bid : 1) BH-3 interacting DD protein ; 2) bis in die (i.e. : twice a day) (b.i.d.)

BIDS : biological integrated detection system

Bik : Bcl-2 interacting killer

BIL : backcross introgression lines

BIND : biomolecular interaction network database

biol : biologic, biology

BiP : binding protein

BIPA : Birman's intrapharyngeal airway

BIR :  Baculovirus IAP repeat

BIRN : biomedical informatics research network

BIS : N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide

BISTRIS : 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)2,2',2" nitryltriethanol (buffer)

BIV : bovine immunodeficiency virus

BK : bradykinin

BL : Burkitt's lymphoma

BLAST : basic local alignment search tool

BLC : B-lymphocyte chemoattractant (or chemokine)

BLE : basal level element

BLIMP : B-lymphocyte-induced maturation protein

Blk : Bik-like killer

BLM : 1) Bloom syndrome (gene/protein) ; 2) black lipid membrane ; 3) bleomycin sulfate

BLNK : B-cell linker

BLOSUM : blocks substitution matrix

BLP : buffered lactose peptone

BLS : basic life support

BLV : bovine leukemia virus

BM : 1) basement membrane ; 2) bone marrow ; 3) binding medium

BMA : British medical association

BMAC : B-cell and monocyte-activating chemokine

BMC : 1) bone marrow cell ; 2) bone marrow chimera

BMD : 1) bone mineral density ; 2) Becker muscular distrophy

BMDC : bone marrow-derived dendritic cell

BMDDC : bone marrow-derived dendritic cell

BME : 1) bovine microvascular endothelial (cell) ; 2) b-mercaptoethanol (bme)

BMEC : bone marrow microvascular endothelial cell

BMHP : bromo-mercury-hydroxypropane

BMI : body-mass index

BMK : big MAP kinase

BMM : bone marrow-derived macrophage

BMMC : bone-marrow-derived mast cell

BMP : bone morphogenetic protein

BMR : basal metabolic rate

BMT : bone marrow transplantation

BMZ : basement membrane zone

BNaC : brain Na⁺ channel

BN buffer : bicarbonate-Nonidet P-40 buffer

BNC : brain Na⁺ channel

BNFA : brefeldin A

BNP : brain (-derived) natriuretic (poly)peptide

BO : 1) bronchiolitis obliterans ; 2) bacterioopsin (bO)

BOD : 1) Bcl-2-related ovarian death gene ; 2) biochemical oxygen demand (B.O.D.)

BOGSAT : bunch of guys sat around a table

Bok : Bcl-2 related ovarian killer

BOR : broncho-oto-renal (syndrome)

BOS : bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome

BowB : Bowman-Birk type proteinase inhibitor

BP : 1) binding protein ; 2) base-pair (bp) ; 3) before present (B.P.) ; 4) boiling point (b.p.) ; 5) blood pressure ; 6) birch pollen ; 7) bullous pemphigoid

BPA : burst promoving activity

BPAT : buffered plate Ag test

BPDE : benzo[a]pyrene-diol-epoxide

BPDS : 4,7-bipheniyl-1,10-phenanthroline-disulphonic acid

BPES : blepharophimosis ptosis epicanthus inversus syndrome

BPG : D-2,3-bisphosphoglycerate

BPH : benign prostatic hypertrophy

BPheo : bacteriopheophytin

BphP : bacteriophytochrome

BPI : bactericidal-permeability-increasing protein

BPS : branch-point sequence

BPTI : bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor

BPV : bovine papillomavirus

Bq : becquerel (unit)

BRAF : BRCA2-associated factor

BRAK : breast and kidney derived chemokine

BRCA : br(east and ovarian) ca(ncer growth-suppressor protein)

BRCT : BRCA1 C-terminal (domain)

BrdU : 5-bromodeoxyuridine

BrdUrd : 5-bromodeoxyuridine

BRET : bioluminescence resonance energy transfer

BRIGHT : B cell regulator of IgH transcription (Bright)

BRK : 1) brinker (Brk) ; 2) baby rat kidney

BRLZ : basic region leucine zipper

BRM : biological response modifier

BRUCE : BIR-containing Ub-conjugating enzyme

BrUra : bromouracil

BRZ : brassinazole

BS : 1) Bloom syndrome ; 2) blood sugar

BSA : 1) bovine serum albumin ; 2) bulked segregant analysis ; 3) body surface area

BSAB : bispecific antibody (BsAb)

BSAP : B cell specific activator protein

BSDB : bispecific diabody (BsDb)

BSE : bovine spongiform encephalopathy

BSF : bovine serum factors

BSK : Barbour-Stoenner-Kelly (medium)

BSL : blood sugar level

BSM : bisulfite-modified

BSO : buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine

BSP : bone syaloprotein

BSS : Bernard-Soulier syndrome

Bst : Bacillus stearothermophilus

BSV : bovine syncytial virus

bt : Bacillus thuringiensis

BTB : Broad-complex +Tramtrack + Bric a brac (domain)

Btf : Bcl-2-associated transcription factor

BTK : Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk)

BTSM : bovine tracheal smooth muscle

BTU : British thermal unit

BU : 1) 5-Br-uracyl ; 2) butyl (Bu) ; 3) busulfan (Bu)

BUB : benimidazole unaffected budding

BUCHE : butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE)

BUN : blood urea nitrogen

BupdGTP : butylphenyl dGTP

BVDV : bovine viral diarrhoea virus

BVM : bag-valve-mask

BW : 1; biological weapon ; 2) body weight

BWC : biological weapons convention

BWSV : black-widow spider venom

Bx : biopsy

Bz : benzoyl

BzATP : 1)  3'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl) ATP ; 2) 2'-O-(4-benzoylbenzoyl) ATP

- C -

C : 1) cellular (c/^c) ; 2) cytosolic (c) ; 3) complementary (c) ; 4) centi (c) ; 5) catalytic subunit ; 6) 3',5'-cyclic, cycle (c) ; 7) cytidine ; 8) Cys ; 9) Cys rich (domain) ; 10) complement protein ; 12) Ca²⁺-binding ; 13) haploid DNA content per cell ; 14) Celsius (degree) (°C) ; 15) constant (region) ; 16) coulomb (unit) ; 17) cum (i.e. : with) (c) ; 18) centum (i.e. : one hundred) ; 19) cervical vertebra ; 20) cytosine ; 21) cytoplasmic domain (C) ; 22) copyright (^©)  ; 23) core (protein) ; 24) chimeric (c)

C' : activated complement

C/EBP : CCAAT-enhancer binding protein

C4H : cinnamate 4-hydroxylase

CA : 1) chemical abstract ; 2) carrier ampholytecadherin (repeat) ; 3) cardiac arrest ; 4) chronologic age ; 5) carcinoma (Ca) ; 6) calcium (Ca) ; 7) capsid (protein) ; 8) cold agglutinin ; 9) classically activated ; 10) conalbumin ; 11) carbonic anhydrase

CaBP : CaM-binding protein

CACD : chronic active Chron's disease

CACI : computer-assisted continuous infusion

CAD : 1) caspase-activated DNase ; 2) carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase + ATCase + dihydroorotase complex ; 3) coronary artery disease

CADD : computer-assisted drug design

CadhD : cadherin domain

cADPR : cyclic ADP-ribose

CAE : 1) childhood absence epilepsy ; 2) capillary array electrophoresis ; 3) chloro-acetate esterase

CAEV : caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

CAI : 1) carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ; 2) Ca²⁺ uptake inhibitor

cAK: cAMP-dependent protein kinase

CAK : Cdk-activating kinase

CAL : 1) cortical ascending limb ; 2) calorie (cal) ; 3) kilocalorie (Cal)

CALC : calculated (Calc., calc.)

CALLA : common acute lympho(cyto)blastic leukaemia Ag

CALM : clathrin assembly lymphoid-myeloid leukaemia protein

CALS : continuous additional lung sound

CAML : calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand

CAM : 1) cell-adhesion molecule ; 2) calmodulin (CaM) ; 3) Crassulacean acid metabolism (plants) , 4) chorioallantoic membrane

CaM-K : Ca²⁺/CaM–dependent kinase

CAMP : camptothecin

CaMV : cauliflower mosaic virus

CAN : calcineurin (CaN)

CAP : 1) CD40-associated protein ; 2) catabolite (gene) activating protein ; 3) controlled atmosphere packaging

CAPE : caffeic acid phenetyl ester

CAPS : 1) cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences ; 2) 3-(cyclohexylamino)-1-propanesulfonic acid ; 3) capsules (caps)

cAR : cAMP receptor

CARD : caspase activation and recruitment domain.

CARDIAK : CARD-containing ICE associated kinase

CARE : cholesterol and recurrent events (study)

CARMEN : CARD-containing molecule enhancing NF-kB

CARS : compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome

CART : 1) Cys-rich domain associated to RING and TRAF protein ; 2) cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript

CAS : 1) cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein ; 2) Crk–associated substrate (Cas)

CASP : colon ascendens stent peritonitis

Caspase : cysteinyl aspartic acid-protease

CAST : 1) cardiac arrhythmia suppression trial ; 2) cyclic amplification and selection of target

CAT : 1) chloramphenicol acetyltransferase ; 2) catalase ; 3) computer-assisted axial tomography ; 4) critically appraised topics

CATERPILLER : CARD, transcription enhancer, R (purine)-binding, pyrin, lots of leucin repeats

CAV : 1) cavity (cav) ; 2) coxsackie A virus ; 3) cardiac allograft vasculopathy

CB : 1) costimulatory blockade ; 2) (umbilical) cord blood

CBA : 1) cecal bacterial antigen  ; 2) cytometric bead array

CBB : 1) calcium chaneel blocker ; 2) Coomassie brilliant blue

CBC : 1) cap-binding complex ; 2) complete blood (cell) count

CBCB : center for bioinformatics and computational biology

CBD : 1) cellulose binding domain ; 2) chronic beryllium disease ; 3) corticobasal degranulation

CBDCOM : chemical and biological defence command

CBF : 1) CCAAT box binding factor ; 2) cerebral blood flow ; 3) core binding factor

CBG : corticosteroid-binding globulin

CBHA : m-carboxy cinnamic acid bishydroxamic acid

CBIRF : chemical biological incident response force

CBLB : Casitas B-lineage lymphoma b (Cblb)

CBMC : 1) cord blood-derived mast cell ; 2) cord blood mononuclear cell

CBP : 1) CREB binding protein ; 2) cap-binding protein ; 3) Csk-binding protein (CBP / Cbp)

CBS : cystathionine b-synthase (domain)

CBV : coxsackie B virus

CC : 1) coiled-coil (domain) ; 2) chief complaint ; 3) cubic centimetre (cc) ; 4) carnitine carrier ; 5) corpus callosum

CCB : calcium channel blocker

CCCV : coconut cadang-cadang viroid

CCD : 1) countercurrent distribution ; 2) cytochalasin D

ccDNA : closed circular DNA

cccDNA : covalently-closed circular DNA

CCD : charge-coupled device

CCE : 1) counter current electrophoresis ; 2) central European encephalitis (virus)

CCG : cell cycle control gene

CCH : carbachol (CCh)

CCHF : Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (virus)

CCI : 1) chronic constrictive injury ; 2) corrected count increment

CCK : 1) cholecystokinin ; 2) colon carcinoma kinase

CCLR : cell culture lysis reagent

CCM : chemical cleavage of mismatch

CCMV : cowpea chlorotic mottle virus

CCP : complement control proteins (domain)

CCR : 1) C-C chemokine receptor ; 2) central conserved region (in the Pospiviroidae genomes)

CCT : cortical collecting tubule

CCU : critical care unit

CCX : cerebral cortex

CD : 1) cluster of differentiation (or cluster determinant or cluster designation) ; 2) circular dichroism ; 3) Chromo domain ; 4) common docking (site) ; 5) cyclodextrin ; 6) compact disk ; 7) Chron's disease ; 8) cytidine deaminase ; 9) cycle duration

CDC : 1) cell division cycle (CDC/Cdc) ; 2) centers for disease control (and prevention) ; 3) complement-dependent cytotoxicity

CDCA : chenodeoxycholic acid

CDCV : common disease/common variant (CD/CV) (hypothesis)

CDE : cord blood-derived eosinophil

CDH : cadherin (Cdh)

CDK : cyclin-dependent (or cell division) serine/threonine kinase

CDKI : CDK inhibitor

CD-MPR : cation-dependent Man-6-phosphate receptor

CDP : 1) cytidine 5'-diphosphate ; 2) chlordiazepoxide ; 3) CCAAT displacement protein

CDPA : calcium dipicolonic acid

CDR : 1) complimentarity determining region ; 2) common deleted region

CDRA : common disease/rare allele (CD/RA) (hypothesis)

CDS : cell dissociation solution

CE : capillary electrophoresis

CEA : 1) cockroach extract Ag ; 2) carcinoembryonic Ag

CEC : capillary electrochromatography

CED : ce(ll) d(eath)

CEF : chicken embryo fibroblast

CEN : centromere

cent : centigrade

CEP : circulating endothelial progenitor (cell)

CEPH : centre d'étude des polymorphisme humaine

CETE : central European tick-borne encephalitis

CF : 1) cystic fibrosis ; 2) complement fixation (test)

CFA : 1) complete Freund's adjuvant ; 2) carbonate fluoroapatite

CFC : 1) colony-forming cell ; 2) chlorofluorocarbons

CFCS : cell-free culture supernatant

CFDA : carboxyfluorescein diacetate

CFF : critical flicker fusion

CFIDS : chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome

CFLP : cleavage fragment lenght polymorphism

CFM : cystic fibrosis modifier

CFR : case fatality rate

CFSE : 5- (and 6-)carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester

CFTR : cystic fybrosis transmembrane conductance regulator

CFU : colony-forming unit

CFU-E : CFU for erythrocytes

CFU-G : CFU for granulocytes

CFU-GM : CFU for granulocytes and monocytes

CFU-M : CFU for monocytes

CFV : cryopreserved femoral vein

CG : capsular glaucoma

CG : chronic granulomatosis

CGD : chronic granulomatosis disease

CGG : chicken g-globulin

CGH : comparative genome hybridization

CGMP : current good manufacturing practice ; 2) cyclic guanosine 5'-monophosphate

CGN  : cis-Golgi network

CGRP : calcitonin gene-related peptide

CH : 1) Charriére (unit) (Ch) ; 2) calponin homology (domain) ; 3) Chido (blood group Ag) (Ch)

CHAPS : 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1-propanesulfonate

CHARTPCR : chromatin accessibility using RT-PCR (CHART-PCR)

ChAT : choline acetyltransferase

CHB : congenital heart block

CHD : 1) congenital heart disease ; 2) childhood disease ; 3) coronary heart disease

CHEF : 1) contour-clamped homogeneous electric field ; 2) Chinese hamster embryo fibroblast

CHES : 2-(N-cyclohexylamino)ethane sulfonic acid

CHF : congestive heart failure

CHI : 1) chronic HIV infection ; 2) chalcone isomerase

CHIP : chromatine immunoprecipitation assay (ChIP)

Chk : checkpoint kinase

Chl : chlorophyll

chm5u : 5-(carboxyhydroxymethyl)uridine

CHO : 1) C-terminal aldehyde ; 2) Chinese hamster ovary (cell)

CHOP : C/EBP homologous protein

CHP : combined heat and power

CHR : 1) chalcone (polyketide) reductase ; 2) chronic (chr)

CHROMO : chromatin organization modifier (domain)

CHS : 1) chalcone synthase ; 2) contact hypersensitivity

ChSh : Chromo shadow (domain)

ChtBD : chitin binding domain

CHX : cycloheximide

CI : 1) chloroform and isoamyl alcohol (mixture) ; 2) curie (unit) (Ci) ; 3) ChemIonization ; 4) confidence interval

CIA : 1) collagen-induced arthritis ; 2) chromatin immunoprecipitation and array ; 3) central intelligence agency

CIC : 1) circulating immune complex ; 2) cold-induced constriction

CICR : Ca²⁺-induced Ca²⁺ release

CID : 1) chemically induced dimerization ; 2) collision-induced dissociation

CIDP : chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy

CIDR : Cys-rich interdomain region

CIEF : capillary isolectrofocusing

CIEP : counter immunoelectrophoresis

CIGTS : collaborative initial glaucoma treatment study

CIHR : Canadian Institutes of Health Research

CIITA : class II transactivator

CI-MPR : cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor

CIN : 1) chromosomal instability ; 2) cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

CIP : 1) Cdk-interacting protein ; 2) calf intestinal alkaline phosphatase ; 3) Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (convention)

CIPER : CED-3/ICH-1 prodomain homologous, E10-like regulator

CIS : 1) cytokine inducing substance ; 2) cytokine inducible SH2-containing protein ; 3) carcinoma in situ

CISH : chromogenic ISH

Cit : citrulline

CITED : CBP/p300-interacting transactivator with ED-rich tail

CJD : Creutzfeld-Jakob disease

CK : 1) casein kinase ; 2) creatin(in)e kinase ; 3) calf kidney (cells)

CKI : Cdk inhibitor

CL : 1) cardiolipin ; 2) chemiluminescence ; 3) confidence limits

CLAG : cytoadherence-linked asexual gene

CLAP : CARD-like apoptotic protein

CLB : blood clearance (CL_b)

CLC : (voltage-gated) chloride channel

CLCA : Ca²⁺-activated chloride channel

CLDT : cytolethal distending toxin

CLECT : C-type lectin

CLH : clathrin heavy chain (repeat homology)

CLIC : chloride intracellular channel

CLIP : 1) corticotropin-like intermediate peptide ; 2) class II linked inviariant chain peptide

CLL : chronic lymphocytic leukaemia

CLN : cervical lymph node

CLNS : nucleotide sensitive chloride channel

CLP : 1) cecal ligation and puncture ; 2) common lymphoid progenitor

CLS : capillary-like structure

CM : 1) O-carboxymethyl ; 2) cell membrane ; 3) cras mane (i.e. : tomorrow morning) (c.m.) ; 4) 2'-O-methylcytidine (cm) ; 5) conditioned medium ; 6) cow's milk ; 7) cardiac myosin ; 8) cerebral malaria ; 9) costimulatory molecule ; 10) complete medium

cm5u : 5-carbamoylmethyluridine

CMA : cow's milk allergy

CMAP : compound motor action potential

CMB : cosmic microwave background

CMC : 1) carboxymethylcellulose ; 2) critical micelle concentration

CME : continuing medical education

CMFDA : 5-chloromethylfluorescein diacetate

CMGT : chromosome-mediated gene transfer

CMI : 1) cell-mediated immunity ; 2) charge-modification index

c/min : cycles per minute

CMK : chloromethylketone

CML : chronic myeloid (myelocytic or myelogenous) leukaemia

CMLP : common myelo-lymphoid progenitor

CMM : cutaneous malignant melanoma

CMML : chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia

cmnm5s2u : 5-carboxymethylaminomethyl-2-thiouridine

cmnm5u : 5-carboxymethylaminomethyluridine

CMOAT : canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter

CMOS : complementary metal-oxide silicon

CMP : 1) common myeloid progenitor ; 2) cytidine 5'-monophosphate

CMPD : camphomelyc displasy

CMR : cardiovascular magnetic resonance

CMS . cytoplasmic male sterility

CMT : Charcot-Marie-Tooth (disease)

CMV : 1) controlled mechanical ventilationcytomegalovirus

c-Myb : (avian) my(elo)b(lastosis virus oncogene)

CNG : cyclic nucleotide-gated (cation channel)

CNP : C-type natriuretic peptide

CMV : cytomegalovirus

cNMP : cyclic NMP (binding domain)

CNA : copy number abnormality

CNBR : cyanogen bromide (CNBr)

CNF : cytotoxic necrotizing factor

CNP : C-type natriuretic peptide

CNR : cell nuclear replacement

CNS : 1) conserved noncoding sequence ; 2) central nervous system

CNT : connecting tubule

CNTF : ciliary neurotrophic factor

CNV : choroidal neovascularization

CNX  : connexin (homologues)

CO : 1) complement ; 2) cardiac output

CoA : 1) coenzyme A  ; 2) coactivator

COD : conditions of discharge

COLFI : fibrillar collagens (CTD)

CoMFA : comparative molecular field analysis

CoMo : control morpholino oligonucleotide

comp : compound

COMT : catechol-O-methyltransferase

ConA : concanavalin A

conc(.) : concentration, concentrated

cond : condition

const : constant

COP : 1) coating protein ; 2) coefficient of parentage

COPD : chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

COPP : cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP)

COR : corepressor (CoR)

CORT : corticosterone

COS : cohesive site

COSY : correlation spectroscopy

COTS : commercial off-the-shelf (technology)

COUP : chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter

COX : cyclooxygenase

CoQ : coenzyme Q

CP : 1) chloroplastic (cp) ; 2) chemically pure ; 3) cyclophosphamide ; 4) connecting peptide ; 5) control peptide

CPAN : caspase activated nuclease

CPAP : continuous positive airway pressure

CPCR : cardio-pulmonary-cerebral reanimation

CPD : 1) citrate phosphate dextrose (anticoagulant) ; 2) compound (cpd)

CPDA : CPD adenine (anticoagulant)

CPE : 1) cytopathic effect ; 2) carboxypeptidase E

CPEB : cytoplasmic polyadenylation-element-binding protein

CPI : 1) cyclopropapyrroloindole ; 2) C-kinase activated phosphatase inhibitor

CPK : 1) creatine phosphokinase ; 2) Corey, Pauling and Kultun (colouring scheme for elements)

cPKC : conventional PKC

CPLM : Cys-peptone-liver infusion maltose (medium)

CPM : 1) connecting peptide motif ; 2) counts per minute (cpm)

cpn : chaperonin

CPP : cell-penetrating peptide

CPPD : calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate

CPR : cardio-pulmonary resuscitation

cps : counts per second

CPSF : cleavage/polyadenylation specificity factor

CPT : 1) camptothecin ; 2) carnithine-palmitoyl transferase ; 3) current procedural terminology

CQ : chloroquine

CR : 1) complement component receptor ; 2) conserved region ; 3) caloric restriction; 4) complete remission ; 5) complete response

CRA : cockroach antigen

CRAC : cytoplasmic regulator of adenylyl cyclase

CRACC : CD2-like receptor activating cytotoxic cells

CRADD : caspase and RIP adaptor with DD

CRBP : cellular retinol-binding protein

CRC : colorectal cancer

CRD : 1) carbohydrate-recognition domain ; 2) cysteine-rich domain

CRE : cAMP RE

CREB : CRE-B(P)

CREBBP : CREB-binding protein

CREM : cAMP response element modulator

CREST : carcinoid, Raynaud's phenomenon, esophageal dysfunction, sclerodactily and teleangectasia

CRF : corticotropin-releasing factor

CRH : corticotropin-releasing hormone

CRIB : Cdc42 and Rac interactive binding (motif)

CRK : chicken retroviral kinase (Crk)

CRL : complete response letter

CRLR : calcitonin receptor-like receptor

Crm : 1) cytokine response modifier ; 2) cross-reacting material

cRNA : complementary RNA

Cro : cI repressor off

CRP : 1) cAMP receptor protein ; 2) catabolite repressor protein ; 3) C-reactive protein ; 4) cysteine-rich protein ; 5) cecal ligation/puncture ; 6) complement-regulatory protein

CRS : 1) cytoplasmic retention signal ; 2) congenital rubella syndrome

CRT : 1) cathode ray tube ; 2) choice reaction time

CS : 1) Cockayne syndrome ; 2) catalytic subunit or site (_CS) ; 3) cytrate synthase ; 4) circumsporozoitic ; 5) conscious, consciousness (Cs) ; 6) chorionic somatomammotropin ; 7) culture supernatant ; 8) contact sensitivity

CSA : 1) cyclosporin A (CsA) ; 2) colony-stimulating activity ; 3) chondroitin sulphate A ; 4) common structural antigens

CSC : cardiac stem cell

CSD : C-terminal shadow CD (Chromo domain)

CSF : 1) colony-stimulating factor; 2) cytostatic factor ; 3) cerebrospinal fluid

CSGE : conformation-sensitive gel electrophoresis

CSH : cyclosporin H (CsH)

CSI : 1) COX-2-specific inhibitor ; 2) classical strain improvement

CSHL : Cold Spring Harbor laboratories

CSK : C-terminal c-Src kinase

CSNP : coding SNP (cSNP)

CSP : 1) cold shock protein (domain) ; 2) circumsporozoite protein

CSR : 1) class-switch recombination ; 2) chlorsulfon^TM resistance (csr)

CSS : Canale-Smith syndrome

CstF : cleavage stimulatory factor

CSV : chicken syncytial virus

CSY : casein-sucrose-yeast (agar)

CT : 1) C-terminal cystine knot-like (domain) ; 2) computerized (or computed) tomography ; 3) calcitonin ; 4) chordae tendinae ; 5) cholera toxin ; 6) cycle threshold (Ct / ct) ; 7) cancer-testis ; 8) competitive template

CTAB : cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

CTACK : cutaneous T-cell-activating (or attracting) chemokine (C-TACK)

CTAL : cortical thick ascending limb

CTALH : cortical thick ascending limb of Henle (cTALH)

CTAP : connective tissue activating peptide

CTCK : C-terminal cystine knot-like (domain)

CTCL : cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

CTD : carboxy-terminal domain

CTD-K : (RNA polymerase II) CTD kinase

CTE : constitutive transport element

CTF : 1) CCAAT-binding transcription factor ; 2) Colorado tick fever

CTFV : Colorado tick fever virus

CTL : 1) C-type lectin ; 2) cytotoxic T lymphocyte

CTLA : cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated Ag

CTMC : connective tissue mast cell

CTMP : carboxy-terminus modulator protein

CTNKP : common T/NK cell progenitor (C-TNKP)

CTP : 1) cytidine 5'-triphosphate ; 2) chloroplast transit peptide

CTRP : CSP-TRAP-related protein

CTT : compensatory tracking task

CTX : 1) ciguatera toxin ; 2) Vibrio cholerae toxin

CU : 1) cubic (cu) ; 2) cuprum (i.e. : copper) (Cu)

CUB : C1r/s + uEGF + BMP1 (domain)

CUX : cut-like protein x (Cux)

CV : 1) coefficient of variation ; 2) cardiovascular ; 3) conduction velocity

CVA : cerebrovascular accident

CVC : 1) central venous catheter ; 2) cerebrovascular conductance ; 3) cerebrovascular complication

CVD : cardiovascular disease

CVIA : computer-assisted video image analysis

CVID : common variable immunodeficiency

CVO : circumventricular organ

CVS : 1) cardiovascular system ; 2) chorionic villi sample

CWD : chronic wasting disease

CWS : chemical warfare service

Cx : connexin

CXCR : CXC chemokine receptor

CXR : chest X-ray

CY : 1) cystatin-like (domain) ; 2) calendar year

CY3 : indocarbocyanine (Cy3)

Cya : cysteic acid

Cyd : cytidine

Cyc : cyclin

CYCc : (adenylyl/guanylyl) cyc(lase),  catalytic (domain)

Cyp . cyclophilin

Cys : cysteine or half-cystine

Cyt : 1) cytochrome (cyt) ; 2) cytosine

CZE : capillary zone electrophoresis

CZT : cadmium-zinc telluride

- D -

D : 1) di (d) ; 2) deoxy (d) ; 3) Asp ; 4) displacement (loop) ; 5) diversity (segment) ; 6) Drosophila melanogaster homologous (d) ; 7) day(s) ; 8) distilled or deionized (d) ; 9) change in, change of (D) ; 10) density (d) ; 11) absorbed dose (D) ; 12) dosis (i.e. : dose) (d) ; 13) dorsal vertebra ; 14) double covalent bond position in a FFA starting from carboxyl group (D) ; 15) follows C in the alphabet (i.e. : A or G or T in base codes) ; 16) 5,6-dihydrouridine (D/d) ; 17) deci

D4T : 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxythymidine

DA : 1) dalton (unit) (Da) ; 2) daughterless (da) ; 3) dopamine

DAA : DNA alkylating agent

DAB : 1) 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (Dab) ; 2) 3,3-diaminobenzidine (tetrahydrochloride) ; 3) single-domain Ab (dAb)

DAD : 1) diffuse alveolar damage ; 2) delayed afterdepolarization

DAF : 1) decay accelerating factor ; 2) DNA amplification fingerprinting

DAG : sn-1,2-diacyl glycerol

DAGK : DAG kinase

DALS : discontinuous additional lung sound

DALY : disability-adjusted life years

DAMD : direct amplification of minisatellite-region DNA

DAMGO : [D-Ala²,N-MePhe⁴,Gly⁵-ol]enkephalin

DAMP : 3-(2,4-dinitroanilino)-3´-amino-N-methyldipropylamine

DAP : 1) death associated protein kinase ; 2) dacapo

DAPI : 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole

DARC : Duffy Ag receptor for chemokines

DARPA : defense advanced research projects agency

DARPP : dopamine and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein

DASS : defined Ag substrate spheres

DAT : 1) dopamine transporter ; 2) direct antiglobulin test

DAX : Dsh andaxin (domain)

DB : 1) diagonal band of Broca ; 2) database

DBC : deleted in breast cancer

DBCL : diffuse large-B-cell lymphoma

DBD : DNA-binding domain

DBE : direct blotting electrophoresis

DBL : 1) double (dbl) ; 2) dibble (dbl) ; 3) Duffy-binding-like (protein)

DBP : 1) Duffy binding protein ; 2) DNA binding protein

DBRP : destruction box recognition protein

DC : 1) direct current (dc) ; 2) dendritic cell ; 3) dyskeratosis congenita

DCBE : double-contrast barium enema

DCCK : dendritic cell-derived C-C chemokine

DcR : decoy receptor

DC : 1) decarboxylase ; 2) dendritic cell

DCC : 1) deleted in colon carcinoma ; 2) dicyclohexylcarbodiimide

DCCT : diabetes control and complications trial

DCF : 2',7'-dihydrochlorofluorescein (diacetate)

DCFH-DA : 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate

DCM : dilated cardiomyopathy

DCP : diphencyprone

DCSIGN : DC-specific ICAM-3-grabbing non-integrin

DCT : distal convoluted tubule

DD : 1) death domain ; 2) dideoxy (dd) ; 3) distilled and deionized (dd) ; 4) donor DNA

DDAVP : 1-deamino-8-D-AVP

DDBJ : DNA data bank of Japan

DDC : 1) diethyldithiocarbamic acid ; 2) 2',3'-dideoxycitidine ; 3) DOPA decarboxylase

Dde : Desulfovibrio desulfuricans

ddF : dideoxy fingerprinting

DDGE : denaturing detergent gradient gel electrophoresis

DDI : 2',3'-dideoxyinosine

DDP : diamminedichloroplatinum

DDR : 1) discoidin domain receptor ; 2) DNA damage response

DDRT-PCR : differential display transcriptase-PCR

DDT : dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane

DEAE : diethylaminoethyl

DEANO : 2,2-diethyl-1-nitroso-oxyhydrazine sodium salt (DEA/NO)

DEC : diethylcarbamazine

DED : death effector domain

DEET : N,N'-diethylmetatoluamide

DEFRA : department for environment, food and rural affairs

DEFSN : defensin (domain)

DEG : 1) degree  (deg) ; 2) degenerin

DEHD : Asp-Glu-His-Asp

DEJ : dermal-epidermal junction

DEM : discrete element method

DEN : diethyl nuitrosamine

DEP : 1) Dsh + Egl-10 + Pleckstrin (domain) ; 2) diethyl pyrocarbonate ; 3) diesel exhaust particle

DEPC : diethyl pyrocarbonate

DES : diethylstilbestrol

DETANONOATE : (Z)-1-[N-(2-aminoethyl)-N-(2-ammonioethyl)amino]diazen-1-ium-1,2-diolate (DETA NONOate)

DETC : dendritic epidermal T cells

DEV : 1) duck embryo vaccine ; 2) develop, development (dev)

DEVD : Asp-Glu-Val-Asp

DEXA : dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

df : degrees of freedom

DFF : DNA fragmentation factor

DFP : 1) diisopropyl fluorophosphate ; 2) DNA fingerprinting ; 3) 3-(2-propyloxy)-(4-methyl-sulphonylphenyl)-(5,5-dimethyl)-furanone

DFS : disease-free survival

DFSP : dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans

DFT : density functional theory

DFW : deafwaddler

Dg : diagnosis

DGAT : acylCoA:diacylglycerol transferase

DGDG : digalattosyldiacylglycerol

DGGE : denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis

DGK : DAG kinase

DGLA : dihomo-GLA

DGR : 1) duodenogastric reflux ; 2) Drosophila melanogaster gustatory receptor

DH : 1) dehydrogenase ; 2) doubled haploids ; 3) Dbl-homology (domain) ; 4) DNase I hypersensitive (site)

DHA : 1) dihydroascorbate ; 2) dehydroepiandrosteron ; 3) docosahexanoic acid

DHAP : dihydroxyacetone phosphate

DHBAc : 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid

DHBAlc : 3,4-dihydroxybenzylalcohol

DHBAld : 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde

DHBAm : 3,4-dihydoxybenzylamine

DHEA : dehydroepiandrosterone

DHEA-S : DHEA sulphate

DHF : 1) dihydrofolate ; 2) dengue hemorrhagic fever

DHFR : dihydrofolate reductase

DHGLA : dihomo-GLA

Dhh : desert hedgehog

DHODH : dihydroorotate dehydrogenase

DHPLC : denaturing HPLC (DHPLC/dHPLC)

DHPR : dihydropyridine receptor

DHPS : dihydropteroate synthase

DHPy : 5,6-dihydropyrimidine

DHR : dihydrorhodamine

DHS : DNase I-hypersensitive site

DHT : 1) dihydrotachysterol ; 2) 5,6-dihydrothymine ; 3) dehydrotestosterone

DHU : 5,6-dihydrouracil

DI : 1) diabetes insipidus ; 2) defective interfering (RNA)

DIA : differentiation inhibiting activity

DIABLO : direct IAP-binding protein with low pI

diag : diagnosis

DIC : disseminate intravascular coagulation

DIDS : 4,4'-diisothiocyanato-stilbene-2,2'-disulfonate

DIF : differentiation-inducing factor

DIG : 1) digoxygenin ; 2) digoxin investigators group ; 3) detergent-insoluble glycolipid

DII : 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethyindolecarbocyanine perchlorate

dil : dilue (i.e. : diluite)

DIM : detergent-insoluble membrane

DIMBOA : 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one

DIOC6 : 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC₆)

DIP : distal interphalangeal (joint)

Dip-F : diisopropyl fluorophosphate

DIRVISH : direct visual hybridation

dis : disease

DISC : 1) death inducing signaling complex ; 2) discontinue (disc) ; 3) disabled infectious single cycle

disch : discharge

DISIN : (homologues of snake) disin(tegrin)

DIT : diiodotyrosine

DKK : dickkopf

DKO : double knock out

DLB : dementia with Lewy body

DLBCL : diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

DLCL : diffuse large-cell lymphoma

DLD : dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase

DLG : discs large (Dlg)

DLI : donor lymphocyte infusion

DLN : draining lymph node

DLPC : 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine

DLPFC : dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

DLT : maximal tolerated dose

DLV : delavirdine

DM : 1) double minute ; 2) doublesex DNA binding motif ; 3) distrophy myotonic ; 4) Drosophila melanogaster (Dm) ; 5) diabetes mellitus ; 6) dermatomyositis

DMA : deoxymugineic acid

DMAEMC : (poly-)dimethyl-ammonio ethyl methacrylate

DMARD : disease modifying anti-rheumatoid drug

DMC : DM chromosome

DMBA : 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene

DMD : 1) Duchenne muscular distrophy ; 2) differentially methylated domain

DMEC : dermal microvascular endothelial cells

DMEM : Dulbecco's modified Eagle's (or essential) medium

DMES : drug metabolizing enzyme system

DMF : N,N-dimethylformamide

DMFC : direct methanol fuel cell

DMN : dorsomedial nucleus

DMNV : dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve

DMP : dentin matrix protein (Dmp)

DMPP : 1) dimethylphenylpiperazinium ; 2) dimethylallyl pyrophosphate

DMR : differentially methylated regions

DMRIE : 1,2-dimyristyloxypropyl-3-dimethyl-hydroxyethyl ammonium bromide

DMS : dimethylsulfate

DMSO : dimethyl sulfoxide

DMSP_P : dimethylsulphoniopropionate

DMT : divalent metals transporter

DMTase : DNA MTase

DMTU : 1,3-dimethylthiourea

DN : 1) dominant negative (dn) ; 2) double-negative ; 3) number of nonsynonymous substitutions per site (d_N)

DNA : deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA-PK_cs : DNA-dependent protein kinase (catalytic subunit)

DNCB : dinitrochlorobenzene

DNFB : dinitrofluorobenzene

DNL : DNA liggase

DNMMA : N^G-methyl-D-arginine (D-NMMA)

DNMT : DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt)

DNP : 2,4-dinitrophenyl

Dnp-F : FDNB

DNR : do not reanimate

DNS : 1) dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid ; 2) dansyl chloride

Dns-Cl : DNS

DNT : 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-naphtho-[1,2-d]thiazole

DOA : dead on arrival

DOB : date of birth

DOC : 1) sodium deoxycholate ; 2) desoxycorticosteron ; 3) deoxycholic acid

DOE : department of energy

DOGS : dioctadecylamidoglycylspermine

DOL : 1) dolichol (Dol) ; 2) dye-labelled oligonucleotide ligation

DOM : 1) dimethoxymethylamphetamine ; 2) dissolved organic matter

DOMA : 3,4-dihydroxymandelic acid

DOPA : L-3,4-dihydroxyPhe

DOPAC : 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid

DOPE : dioleoyl phosphatidylethenolamine

DOPEG : 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethylene

DOPGAL : 3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycoaldehyde

DOP-PCR : degenerate oligonucleotide primed-PCR

DOPS : dihydroxyphenylserine

DOR : Drosophila melanogaster odour receptor

DOSPA : 2,3-dioleyloxy-N-[2(sperminecarboxamido)ethyl]-N-N-dimethyl-1-propanaminium trifluoroacetate

DOT : directly observed therapy

DOTMA : N[1-(2,3-dioleyloxy)propyl]-N,N,N-trimethylammonium chloride

DOTS : directly observed therapy, short course

DOXP : 1-deoxy-D-xylulose-5-phosphate

doz : dozen

DP : 1) death protein ; 2) degree of  polymerization ; 3) D₂ prostaglandin (receptor) ; 4) dipeptidyldipeptidase ; 5) double-positive

DPase : DNA polymerase

DPBS : Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline

DPC : 1) deleted in pancreatic carcinoma (locus) ; 2) DNA-protein crosslinking ; 3) days post coitum (dpc)

DPCC : dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine

DPD : dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase

DPE : 1) differential protein expression ; 2) downstream promoter element

DPG : diphosphatidylglycerol

DPI : 1) dry powder inhaler ; 2) diphenylene iodonium

Dpm : 1) 2,6-diaminopimelic acid ; 2) disintegrations per minute (dpm)

DPN : diphosphopyridine nucleotide

DPP : 1) decapentaplegic (dpp) ; 2) dentin phosphoprotein

DPPH : 1,1-diphenyl-2- picrythydrazyl

Dpr : 2,3-diaminopropionic acid

DPRLA : dentatus-rubro-pallidus-luysian atrophy

DPYD : dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase

DR : 1) death-inducing receptor ; 2) doctor (Dr.) ; 3) detection rate ; 43) dietary restriction

DRA : destructive rheumatoid arthritis

DRAK : DAP kinase-related apoptosis-inducing serine/threonine protein kinase

DRASIC : dorsal-root ASIC

DRB : 5,6-dichloro-1-b-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole

DRG : 1) diagnosis related group ; 2) dorsal root ganglion

DRI : dietary reference intake

DRIP : 1) defective ribosomal product (DRiP) ; 2) vitamin D receptor-interacting hormone

DRM : detergent-resistant membrane

dRP : deoxyribose 5'-phosphate

DRSP : drug-resistant Streptoccoccus pneumoniae

DS : 1) Down's syndrome ; 2) depolarization shift ; 3) number of synonymous substitutions per site (d_S) ; 4) distribution shift

dsb : DNA double-strand breaks

DSCP : double strand conformation polymorphism

dsDNA : double-stranded DNA

DSFV : disulfide stabilized fragment variable (dsFv)

Dsh : Dishevelled

DSHEA : dietary supplement health and education act

DSIP : d-sleep inducing peptide

DSL : Delta serrate ligand

DSM : diagnostic and statistical manual

DSP : dentin sialoprotein

DSPc : dual specificity phosphatase, catalytic (domain)

DSRM : double-stranded RNA-binding motif

dsRNA : double-stranded RNA

DSS : dengue shock syndrome

DST : 1) donor-specific transfusion ; 2) donor splenocyte

DT_50H : T_50H in homoduplex - T_50H in heteroduplex

DTAA : di-L-Trp-aminal-acetaldheide

DTD : datur talis dosis (i.e. : give of such a dose) (d.t.d.)

DTH : delayed type hypersensitivity

DTL : descending thin limb

DTNB : 3,3'-dithiobis(6-nitrobenzoic acid) or 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) or Ellmann's reagent

DTR : 1) direct terminal repeat ; 2) deep tendon reflexes

DTs : delirium tremens

DTT  : dithiothreitol

DU : duodenal ulcer

DUB : de-ubiquitylating (enzyme)

DUF : domain of unknown function

DV : 1) dead volume ; 2) daily value

DVT : deep vein thrombosis

DW : dextrose and water (D/W)

Dx : diagnosis

DXPS : 1-deoxy-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase

DYNc : dynamin, catalytic (domain)

DZ : dizygotic (twins)

- E -

E : 1) eukaryotic (e) ; 2) endothelial (e) ; 3) embryonal day ; 4) early (protein) ; 5) reduction potential (E) ; 6) Glu ; 7) unknown amino acid a-C configuration (L or D) (x) ; 8) ectoplasmatic (face) ; 9) epithelial ; 10) entgegen (E) ; 11) elimination (reaction) ; 12) erythrocyte ; 13) electronic (e) ; 14) epinephrine ; 15) envelope (protein) ; 16) exa (i.e. 10¹⁸)

E₁ : estrone

E₂ : estradiol

E2F : E2 (adenoviral protein) factor

E₃ : estriol

E6AP : E6 (adenoviral protein) -associated protein

EAA : excitatory amino acid

EAAT : EAA transporter

EAD : early afterdepolarization

EAE : experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis

EAM : energy-absorbing material

EAMC : experimental autoimmune myocarditis

EAMG : experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis

EAR : 1) early allergic response ; 2) estimated average requirement

EAST : enteroaggregative E.coli heat-stable toxin

EAT : experimental autoimmune thyroiditis

EAU : experimental autoimmune uveitis

EB : 1) ethidium bromide ; 2) electroblotting ; 3) elementary body

EBDC : ethylenebisdithiocarbamate

EBF : early B cell factor

EBI : European Bioinformatics Institute

EBL : 1) European bat lyssavirus ; 2) estimated blood loss

EBM : evidence based medicine

EBNA : EBV nuclear Ag

EBV : Epstein-Barr virus

EC : 1) enzyme committee (or commission) (number) ; 2) endothelial cell ; 3) electrochromatography ; 4) embryonal carcinoma (cell) ; 5) enterochromaffin ; 6) epicatechin ; 7) European communities

EC₅₀ : effective concentration median

ECA : 1) eosinophil chemoattractant ; 2) endobacteric common Ag

ECC : emergency cardiac care

ECD : extracellular domain

ECF : extracellular fluid

ECF-A : eosinophilic chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis

ECFP : enhanced cyan fluorescent protein

ECFV : extracellular fluid volume

ECG : 1) electrocardiogram ; 2) epicatechin gallate

ECGF : endothelial cell GF

Echoviridae : enteric cytopathogenic human orphan viruses

ECL : 1) enhanced chemiluminescence ; 2) enterochromaffin-like (cell)

ECM : extracellular matrix

ECMO : extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

ECMP : ECM protein

ECMV : encephalomyocarditis virus

Eco : Escherichia coli

ECP : eosinophil cationic protein

ECR : extended chromosome region

ECSIT : evolutionarily conserved intermediate in Toll pathways

ECT : electroconvulsive therapy

EDA : ectodysplasin A

ED₅₀ : effective dose median

EDCF : endothelium-derived contracting factor

EDG : endothelial differentiation gene(-encoded)

EDHF : endotheluim-derived hyperpolarizing factor

EDL : extensor digitorum longus

EDN : eosinophil derived neurotoxin

EDOM : electronic dissolution of memory

EDRF : endothelium-derived relaxing factor

EDS : excessive daytime somnolence

EDTA : ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

EE : 1) electroelution ; 2) early endosome

EEA : early endosome antigen

EEC : European economic community

EEE : Eastern equine encephalitis (virus)

EEG : electroencephalogram

EENT : ears, eyes, nose and throat

EEO : electroendosmosis

EES : erythromycin ethylsuccinate

EEV : extracellular enveloped virion

EF : elongation factor

EFh : EF-hand (motif: from the parvalbumin E & F helices)

EFIC : episcopic fluorescence image capturing

EFS : event-free survial

EG : 1) exempli gratia (i.e. : example given) (e.g.) ; 2) embryonic germ (cell)

EGC : 1) epigallocatechin ; 2) early gastric cancer

EGCL : external granular cell layer

EGCG : epigallocatechin gallate

EGF : epidermal GF (domain)

EGF_CA : Ca²⁺-binding EGF-like (domain)

EGFP : enhanced GFP

EGL : external germinal layer

EGR : early growth response (Egr)

EGTA : 1) esophageal gastric tube airway ; 2) ethylene glycol-bis(b-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid

EG-VEGF : endocrine gland-derived VEGF

EH : Eps15 homology (domain)

EHAA : Eagle's Hanks' amino acids

EI : erythaema infectiosum

EIA : enzyme immunoassay

EIAV : equine infectious anemia virus

EIB : exercise-induced bronchoconstriction

EICAR : 5-ethynyl-1-b-D-ribofuranosylimidazole-4-carboxamide

EICE : ETS/IRF composite element

EID : 1) electroimmunodiffusion ; 2) egg-infective dose

EIR : entomological inoculation rate

EIRE : ETS/IRF response element

EIU : electronic interface unit

EJC : exon-junction complex

EKC : electrokinetic chromatography

EKG : electrokardiogram (German)

EL : electroluminescence

ELAM : endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule

ELC : 1) EBV-induced molecule-1 ligand chemokine ; 2) Ebl-1-ligand chemokine

EL-CSC : end-ligation coincident sequence cloning

ELF : 1) extremely low frequency

ELG : extracellular ligand-gated (Cl^- channel)

ELK : Ets-like (TF)

ELISA : enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

ELISPOT : enzyme-linked immunospot

ELP : electromagnetic pulse

ELSI : ethical, legal and social issues

ELU : extra-label use

EM : 1) enriched medium ; 2) electron microscopy (E.M./EM) ; 3) extracellular medium ; 4) effective microorganism

EMA : 1) epithelial membrane Ag ; 2) endomysial antibodies ; 3) equilibrium modified atmosphere

EMAP : endothelial-monocyte-activating polypeptide

EMB : ethambutol

EMBL : European molecular biology laboratories

EMCV : encephalomyocarditis virus

EMD : electromechanical dissociation

emerg : emergency

EMF : 1) electromagnetic field ; 2) electromotivce force (emf)

EMG : electromyogram

EMMPRIN : extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer

EMP : Embden-Meyerhoff-Parnas (pathway)

EMS : 1) ethylmethansulphonate ; 2) eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome ; 3) emergency medical system

EMSA : electrophoretic mobility shift assay

EMT : emergency technician

EMTM : Evans’ modified Tobie’s medium

ENA : epithelial-cell-derived neutrophil-activating (protein)

ENaC : epithelial Na⁺ channel

ENAP : endothelial cell neutrophil-activating peptide

END : endothelin (domain)

Endo H : endoglycosidase H

ENDOR : electron nuclear double resonance

ENS : enteric nervous system

ENSO : El Nino/Southern oscillation

ENT : 1)  enantio- (ent-) ; 2) ears, nose and throat

ENTH : epsin N-terminal homology (domain)

ENU : ethylnitrosourea

Eo : eosinophilic

EOA : esophageal obturator airway

EOF : electroosmotic flow

EOM : extra-ocular muscle

EP : 1) endorphin ; 2) E₂ prostaglandin receptor

EPA : 1) eicosapentaenoic acid ; 2) environmental protection agency ; 3) esopago-pharyngeal airway

EPC : endothelial progenitor cell

EpCAM : epithelial cell adhesion molecule

EPCR : endothelial-cell protein-C receptor

EPDRF : epithelium-derived relaxing factor (EpDRF)

EPEC : enteropathogenic Escherichia coli

Eph : ephrin

EPI : epinephrine

epith : epithelial

EPN : eicosapentanoic acid

EPO : 1) erytropoietin (Epo) ; 2) European patent office ; 3) eosinophil peroxidase

EPP : erythropoietic protoporphyria

EPR : 1) electron paramagnetic resonance ; 2) early phase reaction ; 3) enhanced permeability and retention

EPS : EGFR pathway substrate

EPSP : 1) 5 enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate ; 2) excitatory post-synaptic potential

EPSPS : EPSP synthase

eq(uiv.) : equivalent (Eq/eq/equiv.)

ER : 1) endoplasmic reticulum ; 2) estrogen receptor ; 3) emergency room (ER / E.R.) ; 4) early reaction

ERAD : endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation

Erb : er(ythro)b(lastosis)

ERC : extrachromosomal rDNA circle

ERCC : excision-repair cross-complementing

ERCP : endoscopic retrograde colangiopancreatography

ERD : estrogen receptor (ligand-binding) domain

ERDM : erythromycin-N-demethylase

ERE : estrogen RE

ERG : electroretinogram

ERGIC : ER-Golgi intermediate compartment

ERK : extracellular regulated (or extracellular signal-related) kinase

ERM : 1) Ets-related molecule ; 2) esrin, radixin and moesin (family)

EROD : 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase

ERP : effective refractory period

ERV : expiratory reserve volume

ES : 1) embryonic stem (cell) ; 2) evolutionarily stable; 3) expression site

ESAT : early secreted antigenic target

ESB : electronic stimulation of the brain

ESCC : esophageal squamous cell carcinoma

ESCS : enhanced S-cone syndrome

ESE : exonic splicing enhancer

ESI : electrospray ionization

ESI-FTMS : ESI Fourier-transform mass spectroscopy

ESI-MS : ESI mass spectroscopy

ESkine : embryonic stem cell chemokine

esp : 1) enhanced susceptibility to pathogen ; 2) especially

ESR : 1) erythrosedimentation rate ; 2) electron spin resonance

ESRD : end-stage renal disease

ESS : 1) Epworth sleepiness scale 2) exonic splicing silencer

EST : 1) expressed sequence tag ; 2) estimate, estimation (est)

ET : 1) ehtyl (Et-) ; 2) embryo transfer ; 3) energy transfer ; 4) and (et) ; 5) endothelin ; 6) effector/target ratio (E/T ; E:T)

et al. : et alii (i.e. : and others)

EtBr : ethidium bromide

ETC : 1) extraterrestrial civilization ; 2)  et cetera (i.e. : and so on, and so forth, and others) (etc.) ; 3) esophago-tracheal combitube

ETCO2 : end-tidal CO₂

ETFP : electron transfer flavoprotein

ETLP : electron transport level phosphorylation

EtOH : ethanol

ETO : 1) etoposide ; 2) eight-twenty-one

ETP : electron transport phosphorylation

ETS : 1) e(ry)t(hroblastosi)s (ETS/ets) ; 2) environmental tobacco smoke ; 3) electron transport system

ETT : exercise treadmill time

ETU : ethylenethiourea

EU : european union

EUA : examination under anaesthesia

EV : epidermodysplasia verruciformis

EVG : expression-verified gene

EVH : Enabled / Vasp homology

exa : 10¹⁸

EXAFS : extended X-ray absorption fine structure

EXP : 1) experiment(al) (Exp./ exp) ; 2) exponential (exp.)

EYFP : enhanced yellow fluorescent protein

EYL : Earle’s yeast lactalbumin (balanced salt solution)

- F -

F : 1) Faraday constant (F) ; 2) fructose ; 3) formyl (f) ; 4) Phe ; 5) fertility (factor) ; 6) femto (f) ; 7) filamentous ; 8) coefficient of inbreeding ; 9) fertility (factor) ; 10) filial (generation) ; 11) fragment (f) ; 12) mitochondrial (H⁺ ATPase) ; 13) Fahrenheit (degree) (°F) ; 14) variance ratio (F) ; 15) farad (unit) ; 16) factor (of coagulation) ; 17) female ; 18) fungal (f) ; 19) dihedral angle of rotation around the N-^aC bond in a peptide unit (f) ; 20) family ; 21) (nosographic or diagnostic) sensitivity (f) ; 22) fusion (protein) ; 23) flux (f) ; 24 aceton (f)

FA : Fanconi anemia

FA58C : coagulation factor 5/8 C-terminal (domain)

FAAH : fatty acid aminohydrolase

FAB : 1) fragment Ag-binding (Fab) ; 2) fast atomic bombardment ; 3) French-American-British (classification)

FABP : fatty acid binding protein

FACS : fluorescence-activated cell (chromosome) sorter (FACS^®)

FAD : 1) flavin-adenine dinucleotide ; 2) familial AD

FADD : Fas-associated death domain

FAE : follicle-associated epithelium

FAF : 1) fatty acid free ; 2) Fas associated factor

FAH : fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase

FAICAR : N-formylaminoimidazhole 4-carboxyamide ribonucleotide

FAK : focal adhesion kinase

FALS : 1) forward angle light scatter ; 2) familial ALS

FAM : 6-carboxyfluorescein

FAME : fatty acid modifying enzyme

FAN : factor associated with neutral sphingomyelinase (activation)

FANA : fluorescent anti-nuclear antibody

FANC : Fanconi anaemia complementation group

FANCY : functional analysis by co-responses in yeast

FANFT : (N-[4,5-nitro-2-furyl]-2-thiazole) formamide

FAP : 1) Fas-associated phosphatase ; 2) familial adenomatous polyposis ; 3) familial amyloid polyneuropathy; 4) first aid point

Fapy : 2,6-diamino-4-hydroxy-5-N-methylformamidopyrimidine

FAQ : frequently asked question

FARCE : freezing at the reactive centres of enzyme

FAS : 1) FS7 (foreskin cell strain) associated sAg (Fas) ; 2) fatty-acid synthase

FASL : Fas ligand (FASL/FasL)

FAT : 1) fluorescent Ab test ; 2) factor acetyltransferase ; 3) focal-adhesion-targeting (sequence)

FATP : fatty acid transporter

FAU : 2'-fluoro-2'-deoxy-1-b-D-arabinofuranosyl-uracil

FAVN : fluorescent Ab virus neutralisation

FB : foreign body

FBBG : filamentous brush border glycocalyx

FBJVMSV : Finkel-Biskis-Jinkins murine sarcoma virus

FBP : 1) folate-binding protein ; 2) fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

FBS : 1) foetal bovine serum ; 2) fasting blood sugar

Fc : fragment crystallizable

FCCP : trifluorocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone

FCHL : familial combined hyperlipidemia

FCK : fetal calf kidney (cell)

FCM : flow cytofluorometry

FCR : 1) fractional catabolic rate ; 2) Fc receptor

FCS : 1) fluorescence correlation spectroscopy ; 2) foetal calf serum

FCV : famciclovir

FD : 1) ferredoxin (Fd) ; 2) fatal dose

FDA : food and drug administration

FDAMA : FDA modernization act

FDAT : fluorescence-based DNA analysis technology

FDC : follicular dendritic cell

FDCA : food, drug and cosmetics act

FDCM : familial DCM

FDCSP : FDC secreted protein (FDC-SP)

FDG : ¹⁸F-2-deoxyglucose

FD-MS : field desorption mass spectroscopy

FDNB : 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrobenzene

FDR : functional divergence ratio

FdUMP : 5-fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate

FdUrd : 5-fluorodeoxyuridine

FEA : finite element analysis

FECH : ferrochelatase

FEF : forced expiratory flow

FEL : free electron laser

FeLV : feline leukemia virus

femto : 10^-15

FEN : flap-structure endonuclease

FEV : forced expiration volume

FEV₁ : FEV during the first second

FEX : fexofenadine

FF : 1) father's father ; 2) following (ff)

FFA : free fatty acid

FFE : free flow electrophoresis

FFF . field flow (or force) fractionation

FFI : fatal familial insomnia

FFID : fission-fragment-induced desorption

FFQ : food frequency questionnaire

FG : fibrinogen

FGAM : formylglycinamidin ribonucleotide

FGAR : formylglycinamide ribonucleotide

FGF : fibroblast growth factor

FH : 1) familial hypercholesterolaemia ; 2) Forkhead (domain) ; 3) family history

FHA : 1) Forkhead associated (domain) ; 2) filamentous haemagglutinin

FHF : familial hibernian fever

FHL : familial haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis

FI : 1) formalin-inactivated ; 2) fermi (Fi) (= fm)

FIC : 1) fibroblast-induced cytokine ; 2) fractional inhibitory concentration

FIF : forced inspiratory flow

FIGE : field inversion gel electrophoresis

FI-MS : field ionization mass spectroscopy

FIP : facultative intracellular parasite

FISH : fluorescence ISH

FITC : fluorescein isothiocyanate

FITS : flexible image transport system

FIV : feline immunodeficiency virus

FIVET . fertilization in vitro and embryo transfer

FIZZ : found in inflammatory zone

FJB : Fluoro-Jade B

FKBP : FK506 BP

FKHR : Forkhead in rhabdomyosarcoma

FL : 1) fetal liver (cell) (FL) ; 2) fluid (fl) ; 3) full length

FLAG : fluorescein angiography

FLAME : FADD-like anti-apoptotic molecule

FLAP : 5-lipoxygenase activating protein

FLASH : FLICE-associated huge protein

FLC : fetal liver chimera

Flg : Fms-like gene

FLICE. : FADD-like ICE

FLIP : FLICE inhibitory protein

FLK : fetal lamb kidney (cells)

FLpter : fraction of lenght form p ter

FLS : 1) fibroblast-like synoviocyte ; 2) fibrous long-spaced (collagen)

FM : 1) father's mother ; 2) 2'-O-methylpseudouridine (fm) ; 3) frequency-modulated

FMD : foot and mouth disease

FMDII : methylbenzamido-1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindo-dicarbocyanine (FM-DiI)

FMDV : FMD virus

FMF : familial Mediterranean fever

FMK : O-methyl-fluoromethylketone (fmk)

FML : fluorometholone

FMLP (or fMLP) : formylMet-Leu-Phe

FMN : flavin mononucleotide

FMOC : 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (F-moc)

FMP : factor motility protein

FMR : Fiend/Moloney/Rauscher

FMRFamide : H-Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH₂

fMRI : functional MRI

FMT : fluorescence-mediated tomography

FMTC : familial medullary thyroid carcinoma

FN : fibronectin (domain) (Fn)

FNA : funaltrexamine

FNR : 1) fumarate nitrate reduction (Fnr) ; 2) ferredoxin-NADP⁺ reductase

FOBT : fecal occult blood test

FOG : friend of GATA

FOLN : follistatin-NTD-like

FOMT : flavanone 7-O-methyltransferase

For : formyl

Fos : f(eline) os(teosarcoma)

FP : 1) fluorescence polarization ; 2) freezing point (f.p.) ; 3) F_2a prostaglandin (receptor) ; 4) forward primer (fp)

FPA : 1) fluorescence polarisation assay ; 2) Ferguson plot analysis

FPB : flexor pollicis brevis (muscle)

FPERT : formamide PERT

FPLC : fast protein liquid chromatography

FPP : 1) farnesyl pyrophosphate ; 2) fresh plama pool

FPR : 1) N-formyl peptide receptor ; 2) false positive ratio

FPRL : N-formyl peptide receptor-like

FR : framework region

frac : fracture

frag : fragment

FRAP : 1) FKBP-rapamycin-associated protein ; 2) fluorescence recovery after photobleaching

FRAXA : fragile X syndrome

FRB : FRAP rapamycin binding domain

FRC : functional residual capacity

freq : freequency, frequent

FRET : fluorescence resonance energy transfer

FRI : 1) frizzled (domain) ; 2) fluorescence reflectance imaging

FrMLV : Friend murine leukemia virus

FRP : frizzled receptor-like protein

FRR : familial relative risk

FRS : FGF receptor stimulated

Fru : fructose

FS : fractional shortening

FSA : food standard agency

FSC : forward (light) scatter (analysis)

FSE : field stop electrophoresis

FSF : fibrin stabilizing factor

FSH : follicle stimulating hormone

FSHD : fascio-scapolo-homeral distrophy

FSV : 1) Fujinami sarcoma virus ; 2) feline syncytial virus

FT : 1) freezing and thawing (F/T) ; 2) foot (unit) (ft(.))

FT₄ : free T₄

FTIC MS : Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectrometry

FT-MS : Fourier transform mass spectroscopy

FTOC : fetal thymic organ culture

FTV : fortovase

FU : 1) fused (Fu) ; 2) furin-like repeats

Fuc : fucose

FUCT : fucosyltransferase (FucT)

FUO : fever of undetermined origin

FUra : 5-fluorouracil

Fv : fragment variable

FVC : forced vital capacity

FW: formula weight

FX : 1) fracture (Fx) ; 2) fornix

FXR : farnesol X receptor

FYB : FYN binding protein

FYVE : Fab-1, YGL023 (YOTB), Vps27 (Vac1) and EEA1 (domain)

Fz : frizzled

- G -

G : 1) genomic (g); 2) Gibbs free energy (G) ; 3) guanine ; 4) glucose ; 5) glyceraldehyde ; 6) glutathione ; 7) Gly ; 8) gap (phase) ; 9) giga ; 10) granulocyte ; 11) globular ; 12) Giemsa (staining) ; 13) relative centrifugal force (g) ; 14) gram (g) ; 15) glycoprotein (G/g)

GA : 1) glatiramer acetate ; 2) gibberellin

GAB : Grb2-associated binder (Gab)

GABA : g-aminobutyric acid

GABARAP : GABA_A receptor associated protein

GAC : granular activated carbon (filter)

GAD : glutamic acid decarboxylase

GADD : growth arrest and DNA damage

GAF : IFNg-activating factor

GAFeSV : Gardner-Arnstein feline sarcoma virus

GAFS : gated autofluorescence/forward scatter

GAG : glycosaminoglycan

GAL : 1) galactose (Gal) : 2) gallon (gal)

GALC : galactocerebrosidase-a

GALV : gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV / GaLV)

GalN : galactosamine

GalNAc : N-acetylgalactosamine

gal q : b-D-galactosylqueuosine

GALT : gut-associated lymphoid tissue

GAM : goat anti-mouse (Ig)

GAP : 1) GTPase activating protein ; 2) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

GAPDH :  glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

GAR : glycinamide ribonucleotide

GARGG : goat anti-rabbit g-globulin

GARP : glutamic acid-rich protein

GAS : 1) IFNg-activating sequence ; 2) growth arrest specific (protein 2 domain) ; 3) general adaptation syndrome ; 4) group A Streptococcus

GAT : gene augmentation therapy

GATE : Golgi-associated ATPase enhancer

GATT : gene amplification with transcription/translation

GAVI : global alliance for vaccines and immunizations

GAWTS : genomic amplificatioin with transcript sequencing

GB : galbladder

GBA : genetic bit analysis

GBH : g-hydroxybutyrate

GBL : Glc-binding lectine

GBM : glomerular basement membrane

GBS : group B Streptococcus

GC : 1) germinal center ; 2) gas chromatography ; 3) gallocatechin ; 4) guanylate cyclase ; 5) glucocorticoid ; 6) (cerebellar) granule cell

GCA : giant cell arteritis

GCAP : guanylate cyclase-activating protein

GCDC : germinal center dendritic cell

GCF : gingival crevicular fluid

GCK : germinal center kinase

GCN : general control of amino acid biosynthesis

GCP : 1) good clinical practice ; 2) granulocyte chemotactic protein

GCS : Glasgow coma scale

GCV : gancyclovir

GD : Graves' disease

GDEPT : gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy

GDF : 1) growth/differentiation factor ; 2) GDI-displacement factor

GDI : GDP-dissociation inhibitor

GDNF : glial-derived neurotrophic factor

GDP : 1) guanosine 5'-diphosphate ; 2) gross domestic product

gdPCR : gene dosage PCR

GDS : GDP-dissociation (displacement) stimulator

GE : 1) genetically engineered ; 2) gel electroporesis ; 3) genome equivalent ; 4) general electric (company)

GEC : glomerular epithelial cell

GED : GTPase effector domain

GEF : GDP/GTP exchange factor

GEFS : generazlied epilepsy with febrile seizures

GEL : gelsolin homology domain

GEM : glycolipid-enriched microdomain

GERD : gastroesophageal reflux disease

GERL : Golgi-endoplasmic reticulum-lysosome

GF : 1) germ-free ; 2) growth factor

GFAP : glial fibrillary acidic protein

GFAT : Gln:Fru-6-P amidotransferase

GFP : green-fluorescent protein

GFR : glomerular filtration rate

GGL : G-protein g subunit-like motif

GG-NER : global-genome NER

g-GT : g-glutamyl transferase (or transpeptidase)

GH : 1) growth hormone ; 2) general hospital

GHA : glycoprotein hormone a chain homologues

GHB : glycoprotein hormone b chain homologues

GHRH : GH releasing hormone

GHRP : GH-releasing peptide

GHS : GH secretagogue

GI : gastrointestinal

GIF : GH-release inhibiting factor

giga : 10⁹

GIGO : garbage in, garbage out

GILT : IFNg-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase

GIP : gastric inhibitory peptide

GIPL : glycoinositolphospholipid

GISA : glycopeptide-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus

GISH : genomic ISH

GIST : gastrointestinal stromal tumour

GIT : 1) gastro-intestinal tract ; 2) growth inhibition test ; 3) GRK interactor

GITR : glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor family-related gene

GJIC : gap junctional intracellular communication

GK : glucokinase

GKLF : gut-enriched Kruppel-like factor

GL : germline

GLA : 1) 4- or g-carboxyGlu (-containing domain) (Gla) ; 2) g-linolenic acid

GLC : 1) gas-liquid chromatography ; 2) glucose (Glc)

GlcA : gluconic acid

GlcN : glucosamine

GlcNAc : N-acetylglucosamine

GlcUA . glucuronic acid

GLD : globoid cell leukodystrophy

GLECT : galectin (domain)

GLH : growth and lactogenic hormones

GLI : glioma

Gln : glutamine

GLP : 1) 5-oxoPro or piroGlu (Glp) ; 2)  good laboratory practice ; 3) glucagon-like peptide

Glu : 1) glutamic acid ; 2) glucose (GLU)

GLUD : Glu dehydrogenase

GLUT : Glc transporter

Glx : Glu or Gln or Gla or Glp

Gly : glycine

GM : 1) genetically modified ; 2) gram (gm) ; 3) 2'-O-methylguanosine ; 4) gentamycin ; 5) gene modified

GMA : glycol methacrylate

GMC : ganglion mother cell

GM-CSF : granulocyte and monocyte CSF

GMF : genetically modified food

GMO : genetically modified organism

GMP : 1) guanosine 5'-monophosphate ; 2) granule membrane protein ; 2) good manufacturing practice ; 4) granulocyte-monocyte progenitor

GMS : genomic mismatch scanning

GN : glomerulonephritis

GNAT : Gcn5-related N-acetyltransferase

GNBP : guanine nucleotide-binding protein

GnRF : gonadotropin releasing factor

GnRH : gonadotropin releasing hormone

GNRP : G nucleotide releasing protein

GNTI : 5'-guanidino naltrindole

GO : 1) Graves' ophtalmopathy ; 2) gene ontology

GOD : generator of diversity

GOF : gain-of-function

GOLD : global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease

GORD : gastro oesophageal reflux disease

GOT : Glu-OAA trassaminase

GP : 1) glycoprotein (GP / gp) ; 2) glycophorin ; 3) general practitioner

GPAT : genetic prodrug activation therapy

GPC : glycoprotein complex

GPCOV : guinea pig type C oncovirus

GPCR : G-protein coupled receptor

GPI : glycosyl-PI (anchor or linkage)

GPP : geranyl pyrophosphate

GPR : G-protein-coupled receptor

GPS : GPCR proteolytic site (domain)

GPT : Glu-Pyr transaminase

GPX : glutathione peroxidase

GR : glucocorticoid receptor

GRAN : granulin

Granzyme : gran(ule en)zyme

GRAS : generally recognized as safe

Grb : GF receptor-bound

GRE : glucocorticoid RE

GRF : 1) GH-releasing factor ; 2) guanine nucleotide releasing factor

GRH : GH-releasing hormone

GRIP : 1) glucocorticoid receptor interacting protein ; 2) Glu receptor interacting protein

GRK : GPC R kinase

gRNA : guide RNA

GRO : growth-related oncogene

GRP : gastrin reasing peptide

GRPP : glucagon gene-related polypeptide

GRR : IFN-g response region

Grx : glutaredoxin

GS : 1) glutamine synthetase ; 2) genomic selection

GSC : germline stem cell

GSD : glycogen storage disease

GSK : glycogen synthase kinase

GSH : reduced (-SH) glutathione

GSL : glycosphingolipid

GSNO : S-nitrosoglutathione

GSS : 1) Gerstmann-Sträussler-Scheinker (syndrome) ; 2) genome survey sequence

GSSG : oxidized (-S-S-) glutathione

GST : glutathione S-transferase

GT : 1) galactosyl transferase ; 2) gutta (i.e. : drop) (gt)

GTA : 1) general transcription apparatus ; 2) gene transfer agent

GTAC : gene therapy advisory committee

GTD : Graves' thyroid disease

GTE : glucose-Tris-EDTA (buffer)

GTEC : green tea epicatechin compounds

GTL : G-banded chromosomes using trypsin and Leishman's stain

GTP : 1) guanosine triphosphate ; 2) green tea polyphenol

gtt : guttae (i.e. : drops)

GU : genitourinary

GUD : genital ulcer disease

GuKc : guanilate kinase homologues

GUS : b-glucuronidase

GUT : grand unified theories

GVHD : graft-versus-host disease

GVHR : graft-versus-host reaction

GVL : graft-versus-leukaemia

GVM : 1) graft-versus-malignancy ; 2) graft-versus-myeloma

GVT : graft-versus-tumour

G/W : glucose and water

Gy : gray (unit)

Gyr : DNA gyrase

- H -

H : 1) human (H/h) ; 2) hormone; 3) histone ; 4) hour (H/h) ; 5) Planck's constant (h) ; 6) His ; 7) helper (_h) ; 8) hybrid ds ; 9) entalphy (H) ; 10) heavy ; 11) horizontal limb of ; 12) dose equivalent (H) ; 13) follows G in the alphabet (i.e. : A or C or T in base codes) ; 14) haemagglutinin serotype

HA : 1) haemagglutinin ; 2) heteroduplex analysis ; 3) hyaluronic acid

HAART : highly active antiretroviral therapy

HAC : human artificial chromosome

HACEK : Haemophilus spp., Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Cardiobacterium hominis, Eikenella spp., Kingella kingae

HAD : 1) HIV-1-associated dementia ; 2) haemadsorption

Hae : Haemophilus aegyptius

HALZ : homeobox associated LZ

HAM : HTLV-1-associated myelopathy

HAMA : human anti-murine antibody

HAMP : His kinases, adenylyl cyclases, methyl binding proteins, phosphatases (domain)

HaMSV : Harvey murine sarcoma virus

HANE : hereditary angioneurotic edema

HAP : hydroxyapatite

HAPPY : haploid amounts of DNA by the polymerase chain reaction

HAS : hyaluronic acid synthase

HAT : 1) histone acetyltransferase ; 2) hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine (medium)

HAU : hemagglutinating unit

HAV : hepatitis A virus

HAVR : HAV receptor

Hb : hemoglobin

HBD : 1) hormone binding domain ; 2) has been drinking

HBEC : human bronchial epithelial cell

HBI : hsp-binding immunophilin

HBIg : hepatitis B Ig

HBMI : hybrid brain-machine interface

HBO : hyperbaric oxygen

HBP : high blood pressure

HBS : HEPES-buffered saline

HBSS : Hanks’ balanced salt solution

HBV : hepatitis B virus

HC : 1) hairy cell ; 2) hippocampus ; 3) hepatocellular carcinoma ; 4) hemorrhagic colitis

HCA : hydrophobic cluster analysis

HCC : 1) haemofiltrate CC chemokine ; 2) hepatocellular carcinoma

HCF : human chromosome fragment (hCF)

hCG : human chorionic gonadotropin

HCI : haem (heme)-controlled inhibitor

HCM : hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

HCMV : human cytomegalovirus

HCN : hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated K⁺ channel

HCP : hematopoietic cell phosphatase

HCR : 1) hypoxic cell cytotoxicity ratio ; 2) haem-controlled repressor (heme-regulated eIF-2a kinase)

hCS : human chorionic somatomammotropin

HCT : 1) hematopoietic cell transplantation ; 2) hematocrit

HCV : 1) hepatitis C virus ; 2) human calicivirus

HCW : Hb concentration width

Hcy : homocysteine

HD : 1) histone deacetylase ; 2) Huntington's disease ; 3) hora decubitus (i.e. : at hour of lying down at bedtime) (h.d.) ; 4) heterodimer ; 5) Hodgkin's disease

HDAC : histone deacetylase

HDC : histidine decarboxylase

HDEL : His-Asp-Glu-Leu

HDF : human diploid fibroblast

HDGF : hypothalamus-derived GF

HDL : 1) high-density lipoprotein ; 2) Huntington's disease-like

HDL-C : HDL-cholesterol

HDM : house dust mite

HDMEC : human dermal microvascular endothelial cell

HDN : hemolytic disease of the newborn

HDR : high-dose/refuge

HDRP : HD-related protein

HDV : hepatitis delta virus

HE : 1) hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) ; 2) effective dose equivalent (H_E) ; 3) haemagglutinin esterase ; 4) hydroxyethidine

HEC : 1) human engineered chromosome ; 2) hydroxyethyl cellulose

HECT : homologous to the E6-AP carboxyl terminus (domain)

HEDID : hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (HED-ID)

HEK : human embryonic kidney (cell)

HEL : hen egg lysozyme

HeLa : Henrietta Lacks (' cell line)

HEMA : 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate

Hepadnavirus : hepatitis DNA virus

HEPE :  hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid

HEPES : N(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-N'-(2-ethanesulphonic acid) (buffer)

HER : heregulin

HERV : human endogenous retrovirus

HES : 1) hypereosinophilic syndrome ; 2) hydroxyethyl starch ; 3) hairy enhancer of split (homolog)

HET : heterozygosity

HETE : hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid

HETP : height equivalent to a theoretical plate

HEU : highly enriched uranium

HEV : 1) high endothelial venule ; 2) hepatitis E virus

HF : 1) high frequency (hf) ; 2) hemorrhagic fever ; 3) hypoxic fraction ; 4) human foreskin fibroblast

HFEA : human fertilization and embriology authority

Hfr : high frequency of recombination

hfs : hyperfine structure

HFT . high frequency of transduction

HFV : 1) hepatitis F virus ; 2) human foamy virus

HGB : hemoglobin (concentration)

HGDP : human genome diversity project

HGE : human granulocytic ehrlichiosis

HGF : 1) hepatocyte GF ; 2) hereditary gingival fibromatosis

hGH : human GH

HGM: human gene mapping

HGP : human genome project

HGPRT : hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase

HGS : Hutchinson-Gilford syndrome

HGV : hepatitis G virus

Hha : Haemophilus haemolyticus

HH : hedgehog (Hh)

HhH : helix-hairpin-helix (motif)

HHPA : 12-O-hexadecanoyl-16-hydroxyphorbol-13-acetate

HHV : human herpesvirus

HI : 1) haemagglutination inhibition ; 2) hippocampus ; 3) hypoxic-ischemic

Hib : Haemophilus influenzae type b

HIC : 1) hypermethylated in cancer ; 2) hydrophobic interaction chromatography

HIF : hypoxia-inducible TF

HIFBS : heat-inactivated FBS

HIID : heavy-ion-induced desorption

Hil : highly inappropriate legislation

HIM : 1) hemopoietic inducing microenvironment ; 2) X-linked hyper IgM (syndrome)

Hind : Haemophilus influenzae Rd

Hint : h(edgehog) int(ein) domain

HIOMT : hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase

HIPAA : health insurance portability and countability act

HIS : 1) heat-inactivated (human) serum; 2) histidine (His)

HISF : heat-inactivated seminal fluid (HI-SF)

HisKc : His kinase (domain)

HIV : human immunodeficiency virus

HIVE : HIV-1 encephalitis

HK : histone kinase

HKLM : heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes

Hkp : house-keeping protein

HL : 1) hepatic lipase ; 2) haemolysin

HLA : human leukocyte Ag

HLE : human leukocyte elastase

HLH : helix-loop-helix (motif)

HLHS : hypoplastic left heart syndrome

HLPS : human lymphoproliferative syndrome

HLS : Huntingdon life sciences (Co.)

HLV : hop latent viroid

HMC : human mast cell (line)

HMDM : human monocyte-derived macrophage

HMEC : human microvascular endothelial cell

HMG : 1) high mobility group ; 2) b-hydroxy-b-methyl-glutaryl

HMGR : HMG-CoA reductase

HML : human mucosal lymphocyte Ag

HMM : 1) hexamethylmelamine ; 2) heavy meromyosin ; 3) hidden Markov model

HMPV : human meta-pneumovirus (hMPV)

HM_rBN : high M_r basic nuclear protein

HMSC : human mesenchymal stem cell

HMS-PCI : high-throughput mass spectrometric protein complex identification

HMTase : histone MTase

HMWC : high molecular weight component

HMWK : high molecular weight kininogen

HN : 1) heterogeneous nuclear ; 2) haemagglutinin and neuraminidase

HNF : hepatocyte nuclear factor

HNL : human neutrophil lipocalin

HNPCC : hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer

HNPP : hereditary neuropathy with pressure paralysis

HO : 1) heme oxygenase ; 2) homothallic switching

HODE : hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid

HOMO : 1) highest occupied molecular orbital ; 2) compound with one more methylene group (homo-)

HormR : hormone receptor (domain)

HOS : high oxygen submersion

hosp : hospital

HP : 1) Helicobacter pylori ; 2) haptoglobin ; 3) heterochromatin protein ; 4) hypersensitivity pneumonia

HPA : 1) Haemophilus parainfluenzae (Hpa) ; 2) Helix pomatia agglutinin ; 3) hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (axis)

HPB : health protection branch

HPC : hemopoietic progenitor cell

HPCE : high performance capillary electrophoresis

HPE : hybrid polymer electrolyte

HPETE : hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid

HPF : high-power field (hpf / HPF)

HPFH : hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin

HPI : history of present illness

HPK : hematopoietic progenitor kinase

hPL : human placental lactogen (hormone)

HPLC : high-pressure (or high-performance) liquid chromatography

HPLC-EC : HPLC with electrochemical detection

HPLC-UV : HPLC with UV detection

HPMA : N-2-hydroxypropyl methacrylamide

HPMPC : S-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)citosine

HPPD : hallucinogen persisting perception disorder

HPRT : hypoxanthine (-guanine) phosphoribosyl transferase

HPS : human placental supernatant

HPTP : high cell density-enhanced PTP

HPV : human papillomavirus

HR : 1) homologous recombination ; 2) hypersensitive response ; 3) Holmes ribgrass (TMV strain) ; 4) hour (hr) ; 5) heart rate ; 6) homology region

HRDC : helicase and RNAse D C-terminal (domain)

HRE : 1) hypoxia responsive element ; 2) hormone RE

HrK : harakiri

HRI : hemin-regulated inhibitor

HRIG : human rabies Ig

HRMS : high resolution microwave search

HRP : horseradish peroxidase

HRPO : horseradish peroxidase

HRR : haplotype relative risk

HRS : Hodgkin's lymphoma Reed-Sternberg cell

HRT : hormone replacement therapy

HRV : human rhinovirus

HS : 1) hora somni (i.e. : hour of sleep) (h.s.) ; 2) heparan sulphate ; 3) (DNase I) hypersensitive (site) ; 4) human serum

HSA : 1) heat-stable Ag ; 2) human serum albumin

HSC : haematopoietic stem cell

HSCR : Hirschprung (disease)

HSCT : HSC transplantation

HSD : hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase

HSE : 1) heat-shock consensus element ; 2) homoserine (Hse)

HSEC : hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cell

HSF : heat shock factor

HOT : hydroxylamine and Os tetroxide

HSK : herpetic stromal keratitis

HSL : 1) hormone-sensitive lipase ; 2) Hse lactone (Hsl)

HSOC : half saturating outside concentration

HSP : heat shock protein

HSPG : heparan sulphate proteoglycan

HSR . homogeneously stained regions

HSRV : human spumavirus

HSS : Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome

HSV : herpes simplex virus

HT : height (ht)

HTB : 2-hydroxy-4-trifluoromethylbenzoic acid

HTF : HpaII tiny fragment

HTH : helix-turn-helix (motif)

HTL : helper T lymphocyte

HTLV : human T(-cel)l lymphotrophic virus

HTML : hypertext markup language

HTMT : 6-[2-(4-imidazolyl)ethylamino]-N-(4-trifluoromethylphenyl)hepatanecarboxamide

HTP : high throughput

HTS : HTP screening

HTTP : hypertext transmission protocol (http)

HU : hydroxyurea

HUGO : human genome organization

HUPO : human proteome organization

HUS : hemolytic uremic syndrome

HUTEC : human tonsil high endothelial cell

HUVEC : human umbilical vein endothelial cells

HVA : 1) high-voltage activated ; 2) homovanillic acid

HVD : hypertensive vascular disease

HVEM : Herpesvirus entry mediator

HVR : hypervariable region

HVS : herpesvirus saimiri

HWE : Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

HX : 1) hypoxanthine ; 2) history (Hx) ; 3) hemopexin-like (repeats)

HYAL : hyaluronidase (Hyal)

Hyl : 5-hydroxylysine

Hyp : hydroxyproline

HZFeSV : Hardy-Zuckerman feline sarcoma virus

- I -

I : 1) inducible (i) ; 2) inhibitor (I, i) ; 3) inorganic (_i) ; 4) Ile ; 5) current (I) ; 6) isotropic ; 7) inactive (i) ; 8) inosine (I/i)

i6a : N⁶-isopentenyladenosine

IA : 1) incurred accidentally ; 2) islet Ag

IAA : 1) indole-3-acetic acid ; 2) inhibitory amino acid

IAB : intact active bone

IAC : independent adjudication committee

IAD : 1) IRF association domain ; 2) IER association domain

IAEDANS : 5-((((2-iodoacetyl)amino)ethyl)amino)naphtalene-1-sulfonic acid

IAH : institute of animal health

IAP : 1) inhibitor of apoptosis protein ; 2) integrin associated protein ; 3) intracisternal A-particle

IAPP : islet amyloid polypeptide

IAT : indirect antiglobulin test

IB : 1) immunoblot test ; 2) IGF BP homologues

IBC : institutional biosafety committee

IBD : 1) inflammatory bowel disease ; 2) identity because descendant

ibid. : ibidem (i.e. : in the same place)

IBM : inclusion body myopathy (or myositis)

IBMX : 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine

IBR : in-between RING (region)

IBS : 1) irritable bowel syndrome ; 2) identity because same

IC : 1) intermediate compartment ; 2) immune complex ; 3) intracerebral(ly) (i.c.) ; 4) interstitial cystitis ; 5) intracytoplasmic ; 6) intracranial (i.c.)

IC₅₀ : inhibitory concentration 50%

ICAD : inhibitor of CAD

ICAM : interCAM

ICAT : isotope-coded affinity tag

ICBG : international cooperative biodiversity groups

ICC : 1) intracellular cytokine ; 2) immunocytochemistry

ICD : implanted cardiac defibrillator

ICDH : isocitrate dehydrogenase

ICE : 1) IL-1b converting enzyme ; 2) internal combustion engine

ICE-LAP : ICE-like apoptotic protease

ICER : 1) incremental cost-effectiveness ratio ; 2)  inducible cAMP early repressor

ICErel. : ICE/CED-3 related protease

ICF : immunodeficiency, centromere instability and facial abnormalities (syndrome)

ICFTU : international complement fixation test unit

ICGEB : International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology

Ich : ICE and ced-3 homologue

ICM : inner cell mass (cell)

ICNV : international committee on nomenclature of viruses

ICOS : inducible co-stimulator

ICPI : intracerebral pathogenicity index

ICR : internal control of expression

ICS : 1) intracytoplasmic cell staining ; 2) intracellular cytokine staining

ICSBP : IFN consensus sequence binding protein

ICSH : interstitial cell-stimulating hormone

ICSI : intracytoplasmic sperm injection

ICT : inflammation of connective tissue

ICTV : international committee on taxonomy of viruses

ICU : intensive care unit

ICV : intracerebroventricular

ID : 1) immunobiological distance ; 2) inside diameter (i.d.) ; 3) idiotype or idiotypic determinant (Id) ; 4) idem (i.e. : the same) (id) ; 5) immune-reactive domain ; 6) immunodominance ; 7) intradermal (i.d.)

ID₅₀ : infective dose median

IDC : 1) indwelling catheter ; 2) infiltrating ductal carcinoma

IDCM : idiopathic DCM

IDDM : insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

IDDS : implantable drug delivery system

IDL : 1) intermediate-density lipoprotein ; 2) interactive data language

IDMT : isoflavone (or isoflavanone) dimethylallyl transferase

IDO : indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase

IUDOX : iododoxorubicin

IDW : initial deflection width

IE : 1) immediate-early ; 2) immunoelectrophoresis ; 3) id est (i.e. : the same) (i.e.) ; 4) infective endocarditis

IEC : 1) intestinal epithelial cell ; 2) ion-exchange chromatography

IEE : idiopathic eosinophilic syndrome

IEF : isoelectric focusing

IEL : intraepithelial lymphocyte

IETD : Ile-Glu-Thr-Asp

IF : 1) inititiation factor ; 2) intermediate filament ; 3) intra footpad (i.f.) ; 4) immunofluorescence

IFA : 1) indirect fluorescent Ab (test) ; 2) incomplete Freund's adjuvant

IFC : international fuel cell

IFG : impaired fasting glucose

I-FLICE : inhibitor of FLICE

IFN : interferon

IFP : interstitial fluid pressure

IFR : isoflavone reductase

IFU : inclusion-forming unit

Ig : immunoglobulin

IGCL : internal granular cell layer

IgD : Ig-like domain

IGF : insulin-like growth factor

IGFBP : IGF binding protein

IGIF : IFNg-inducing factor

IGL : internal granular layer

IGM : inheritable genetic modification

IGS : intergenic spacer

IGT : impaired glucose tolerance

IH : infectious hepatitis

IHA : indirect haemagglutination

IHC : 1) inner hairy cell ; 2) immunohistochemistry

IHF : intergration host factor

Ihh : Indian hedgehog

IHP : inositol hexaphosphate

IIC : islet-infiltrating cvell

IkB : inhibitor of NF-kB

IKK : IkB kinase

IL : interleukin

IL-1RA : IL-1 receptor antagonist

ILA : induced by lymphocyte activation

ILC : IL-11Ra-locus chemokine

ILD : interstitial lung disease

Ile : isoleucin

ILF : isolated lymphoid follicle

ILK : integrin-linked kinase

ILT : Ig-like transcript

IM : 1) intra-muscular(ly) (i.m.) 2) informative meioses ; 3) infectious mononucleosis

IMAC : immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography

IMCD : inner medullary collecting duct

IMCI : integrated management of childhood illness

IMCT : inner medullary collecting tubule

IMD : integrin-mediated death

IMDM : Iscove's modified Dulbecco's medium

IMEM : Iscove's minimal essential medium

IMIG : i.m. Ig

IML : intermediolateral (cell column)

IMM : inner mitochondrial membrane

IMP : inosine monophosphate

IMTP : immune thrombocytopenic purpura

IMV : 1) invasive mechanical ventilation ; 2) intracellular mature virion

IN : 1) inch (unit) (in/in.) ; 2) integrase ; 3) intranasal(ly) (i.n.)

INAA : instrumental neutron activation analysis

INCENP : inner centromere protein

IND : investigational new drug

in d. : in dies (i.e. : daily)

INH : 1) isoniazid ; 2) inhibitor

inj : injection, injury

INK4 : inhibitor of CDK4

Ino : inosine

inoc : inoculate

inop : inoperable, inoperative

INR : international normalized ratio

Ins : inositol

Insc : Inscuteable

InsP₃ : inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate

INS : insulin

INSCOM : intelligence and security command

int : 1) internal ; 2) (site of) int(egration)

intein : int(ron-containing prot)ein

IOM : institute of medicine

IOMT : isoflavone 4'-O-methyltransferase

IONO : ionomycin (iono)

IOP : intraocular pressure

IP : 1) immunoprecipitation / immunoprecipitate ; 2) intraperitoneal(ly) (i.p.) ; 3) Internet protocol (address) ; 4) I₂ prostaglandin (receptor) ; 5) interaction pair

IP₁ : inositol-1-phosphate

IP₃ : inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate

IP₄ : inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate

IPA : immobilized protein A

IPCC : intergovernmental panel on climate change

IPCR : inverse PCR

IPD : 1) immediate pigment darkening ; 2) iris pigment dispersion

IPF : 1) idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis ; 2) insulin promoter factor

IPG : immobilized pH gradient

IPMA : immunoperoxidase monolayer assay

IPP : isopentenyl pyrophosphate

IPPc : inositol polyphosphate phosphatase, catalytic (domain)

IPPV : intermittent positive pressure ventilation

IPSP : inhibitory post-synaptic potential

IPTG : isopropylthio-b-D-galactoside

IPV : inactivated polio vaccine

IQ : 1) Ile-Gln (CaM binding domain) ; 2) intelligence quotient ; 3) idem quod (i.e. : the same as) (i.q.)

IQR : interquartile range

IR : 1) ionizing radiation ; 2) infrared ; 3) immune response (Ir) ; 4) immunoreactive (ir) ; 5) ischemia-reperfusion (injury) ; 6) inhibitory receptor

IRAK : IL-1R-associated kinase

IRB : institutional review board

IRBC :infected RBC (iRBC)

IRBP : interphotoreceptor retinoid binding protein

IRD : inter-resource duplex

IRE : 1) iron RE ; 2) interspersed RE

IRES : internal ribosome entry site

IRF : IFN regulatory factor (domain)

IRI : 1) ischemia reperfusion injury ; 2) intermated recombinant inbreds

IRIS : international randomized study of interferon versus STI571

IRL : internal repeat long

IRM : interference reflectance microscopy

IRMA : immunoradiometric assay

IRP : island recovery PCR

IRR : insulin receptor-related receptor

IRS : 1) insulin receptor substrate ; 2) internal repeat short

IRS-PCR : interspersed repetitive sequence PCR

IRV : inspiratory reserve volume

IS : 1) insertion sequence ; 2) inner segment ; 3) immunological synapse ; 4) intrastriatal

ISA : 1) intrinsic sympathomimetic activity ; 2) iris stromal atrophy

ISCOM : immune-stimulating complex

ISG : IFN-stimulated gene

ISH : in situ hybridization

ISI : 1) international sensitivity index ; 2) institute for scientific information

ISID : international society for infectious diseases

ISO : international organization for standardization

ISP : 1) internet service provider ; 2) intermediate (or immature) single-positive

ISR : in-stent restenosis

ISRCTN : international standard randomised controlled trial number

ISS : immunostimulatory sequence

ISSN : issue number

ISSR : inter-simple sequence repeat (amplification)

ISRE : (type I) IFNs-stimulated RE

ISTR : inverse sequence-tagged repeat

IT : 1) ion trap ; 2) intermediate temperature ; 3) intratracheal(ly) (administration) (i.t.) ; 4) immunotoxin

ITA : inhibitor of T-cell apoptosis

ITAC : interferon-inducible T-cell alpha chemoattractant

ITAM : immunoreceptor Tyr-based activating motif

ITGV : intrathoracic gas volume

ITIM : immunoreceptor Tyr-based inhibitory motif

ITN : insecticide-treated bednet

ITP : 1) inosine triphosphate ; 2) isotachophoresis ; 3) idiopathic (or immunologic) thrombocytopenic purpura

ITR : inverted terminal repeat

I-TRAF : TRAF-interacting protein

ITSM : immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif

ITT : intention to treat

IU : international unit

IUD : 1) intrauterine device ; 2) ioddeoxyuridine

IUGR : intrauterine growth retardation

IUPAC : international union of pure and applied chemistry

IUT : in utero transplant

IV : intra-venous(ly) (i.v.)

IVA : isovanillic acid

IVA-CH₃-TFA : isovanillic acid methyl ester trifluoroacetate

IVAlc-TFA : isovanillylalcohol trifluoroacetate

Ivan-TFA : isovanillin trifluoroacetate

IVC : inspiratory vital capacity

IVF : in vitro fertilization

IVIG : i.v. Ig

IVPI : intravenous pathogenicity index

IVS : 1) intervening sequence ; 2) interventricular septum ; 3) in vitro stimulatiomn

IVT : in vitro transcription

- J -

J : joule (unit)

JAB  : Jun-activation domain-binding

Jak : Ja(nus-family tyrosine) k(inase) or Just another kinase

JCA : juvenile chronic arthritis

JCR : journal citation reports

JDM : juvenile dermatomyositis

JE : Japanese encephalitis

JEV : Japanese encephalitis virus

JH : Jak homology (domain)

JK : Jurkat (cell line)

JM : juxtamembrane (amino acids)

JME : juvenile myoclonic epilepsy

JMH : John-Milton-Hagen (human blood group)

JMT : jasmonic acid carboxyl methyltransferase

JNK : c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase

JRA : juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

JVP : jugular venous pressure

Copyright © 2001-2014 Daniele Focosi. All rights reserved  |  Terms of use  | Legal notices
About this site  |  Site map  |  Acknowledgements | Open forum  |    |  Current link partners
 Abbreviations and acronyms  |  Medical terminology  |  Add a link  |  Translate   |  Softwares

---