The synthesis of new protein is a highly regulated process that allows rapid cellular responses to diverse stimuli in the absence of transcription. Initiation of protein synthesis begins after the separation of the ribosome into its 40S and 60S subunits. Different eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) catalyze the assembly of a functional ribosomal complex including the 40S subunit, mRNA and tRNA, and finally the 60S subunit before the first peptide bond is formed. Most regulatory stimuli, such as growth factors and stress, control rate limiting steps of the initiation process by either stimulating or inhibiting specific eIFs. Elevated levels of Ca+2 or cAMP can also attenuate translation by blocking the action of eukaryotic elongation factor-2 (eEF-2)ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5.
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