- forehead lift (brow lift) is designed to correct or improve skin wrinkling, as well as loss of tone and sagging of the eyebrows that often occurs as part of the aging process. The procedure may also help to smooth horizontal expression lines in the forehead and vertical frown lines between the eyebrows. Incisions are placed behind the hairline above the ear and pass over the top of the head. In some cases, incisions may be placed in front of the hairline. Some patients may have the procedure performed with the use of an endoscope, requiring much shorter incisions. Improvements are made beneath the skin and on the deep muscles; skin and muscle are then tightened to give a fresher, more youthful appearance.
- blepharoplasty : a plastic surgery procedure of the eyelids which removes bags under the eyes and the extra skin of the eyelids. The procedure can be done with a scalpel or with a CO2 laser. Aesthetic eyelid surgery can brighten the face and restore a more youthful appearance by reducing the fat that causes bags beneath the eyes and removing wrinkled, drooping layers of skin on the eyelids. Blepharoplasty is often performed along with a facelift or with other facial rejuvenation procedures. Incisions follow the natural contour lines in both upper and lower lids, or can be done through the lining of the lower eyelid, providing access to skin and fatty tissue. The thin surgical scars are usually barely visible and blend into the eyes' natural lines and folds
- Ammon's operation : blepharoplasty by a flap from the cheek
- Dupuy-Dutemps operation : blepharoplasty of the lower lid with tissue from the opposing lid
- transconjunctival blepharoplasty is performed by making an incision from inside the lower eyelid. It avoids any scarring on the lower lid. It is a useful technique when only fat, and not skin or muscle, needs to be removed from the eyelid area.
-
rhytidectomy / rhytidoplasty / face-lift
: plastic surgery to eliminate wrinkles
from the facial skin by excising loose or redundant tissue. The superficial
musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) is a layer of tissue that covers the
deeper structures in the cheek area and is in continuity with the platysma.
Some facelift techniques lift and reposition the SMAS as well as the skin. - buccal fat pads are located above the jawline near the corner of the mouth. They can be removed in individuals with excessively round faces to give a more contoured look, sometimes referred to as the "waif look." However, plastic surgeons warn that, in some individuals, removal of the buccal fat pads can lead to a drawn, hollow-cheeked look as aging progresses.
- mentoplasty / chin augmentation : plastic surgery of the chin; surgical correction of deformities and defects of the chin. It can strengthen the appearance of a receding chin by increasing its projection. The procedure does not affect the patient's bite or jaw. There are two techniques: one is performed through an incision inside the mouth and involves moving the chinbone, then wiring it into position; the other approach requires insertion of an implant through an incision inside the mouth, between the lower lip and the gum, or through an external incision underneath the chin.
- malar (cheekbone) augmentation : the cheekbones may be built up by placing an implant over them. This is usually performed through an incision within the mouth, but it may be done through a lower eyelid or brow lift incision.
-
nasal
surgery
- rhinoplasty : a plastic surgical operation on the nose, either reconstructive, restorative, or cosmetic.
- English rhinoplasty : that in which a nose is formed out of flaps from the cheeks.
- Carpue's or Indian operation or rhinoplasty : the reconstruction of a nose by a flap of skin taken from the forehead, with its pedicle at the root of the nose
- Joseph rhinoplasty : an operation for modification of the shape of the nose by resection of the dorsal osteocartilaginous hump with a saw.
- Italian or tagliacotian operation or rhinoplasty : the reconstruction of a nose by a flap of skin taken from the arm, the flap remaining attached to the arm until union has taken place
- septoplasty : surgical reconstruction of the nasal septum.
- septorhinoplasty : a plastic operation combining reconstruction of the nasal septum and correction of deformities of the external nose.
- rhinorrhaphy : an operation for epicanthus performed by excising a fold of skin from the nose and closing the opening with sutures.
- submucous resection : a formerly common technique for correction of a deviated nasal septum: the mucous membrane is opened and a portion of the underlying tissue is excised and repositioned or replaced.
- Killian-Freer operation : submucous resection of the nasal septum, including the septal cartilage, vomer, and perpendicular plate of the ethmoid.
- rhinommectomy / rhinocanthectomy : excision of the inner canthus of the eye.
- rhinotomy : incision into the nose
- rhinocheiloplasty : plastic surgery of the nose and lip.
- lip surgery
- vermilionectomy : excision of the vermilion border of the lip, the surgically created defect being resurfaced by advancement of the undermined labial mucosa.
- lip augmentation : a permanent method of augmenting the lips is accomplished by surgically advancing the lip forward, with incisions placed inside the mouth. A dermal-fat graft, taken from the deeper layers of the skin, may then be positioned under the mucosa (the lining of the lip) to add additional "plumpness." Injecting fat collagen or other substances for lip augmentation is another alternative. The correction is not permanent, and injections must be repeated periodically to maintain results.
- lip lift : a technique that surgically lifts the corners of the aging mouth can eliminate the pronounced droop and unhappy facial expression that often develops with advanced age. By cutting away small diamonds of skin just above the corners of the mouth, the vermilion (border of the lips) is raised into a slight smile.
- lip reduction : to reduce the lips, a small strip of the mucosa (the lining of the lip) is surgically removed to narrow the lips to the desired proportion. The small scars on the outside of the lips are barely noticeable.
- otoplasty : plastic surgery of the ear, done to correct deformities and defects. The ears are positioned closer to the head by reshaping the cartilage (supporting tissue). This is usually accomplished through incisions placed behind the ears so that subsequent scars will be concealed in a natural skin crease. Otoplasty can be performed on children as early as age 5-6.
- earlobe reduction : a simple, 30-minute procedure, earlobe reduction can be performed in a plastic surgeon's office or at the same time as a facelift operation. The earlobe should not comprise more than 25% of the total length of the ear. In cases where it exceeds this dimension, an L-shaped wedge is cut away, the earlobe edges are brought together and sutured.
- brachioplasty: arm lift surgery
- mammaplasty / mammoplasty / mastoplasty : plastic reconstruction of the breast, as may be performed to augment or reduce its size
-
augmentation mammaplasty :
plastic reconstruction of the breast, with increase of its volume by insertion
of an autogenous or prosthetic material, used to treat micromastia.
Around 240,000 women underwent breast augmentation in the United States
in 2002. Around 33% of implants are removed within 10 years because of
complications
- most breast enhancements are done by implanting packets of saline water
- silicone implants are now banned in the United States because of concerns that they can leak, causing serious side effects
- surgeons frequently shuffle handfuls of fat from the hips up to the face for cosmetic reasons - to smooth out wrinkles or cover up scars, for example. But they have been wary of moving fat into the breasts as in the 1980s, doctors found that a proportion of grafted tissue tends to die and form hardened areas. If fat has been transferred to the breast, these hardened areas can show up on mammograms and might be mistaken for tumours. This problem might be avoided by using a mix of fat cells and stem cells that create fresh fat cells and coax blood vessels to grow into and nurture the new tissue. During the operation led by Kotaro Yoshimura of the University of Tokyo and his colleagues, the team suck fat cells from the woman's stomach or thigh. By separating cells based on their density, the team enrich the slurry for special stem cells that are able to generate new fat cells. They then inject 300-400 millilitres of these stem cells mixed with normal fat tissue into the woman's breasts. Using a person's own fat is an attractive alternative to these artificial implants because it does not provoke the immune system and looks completely natural. Also, women are rarely sorry to donate a few pounds of their own fat to the cause. MacroPore Biosurgery are already offering people who have had liposuction the opportunity to bank their fat stem cells
-
reduction mammaplasty : plastic
reconstruction of the breast with decrease in its volume by excision of
tissue, used to treat macromastia
- Biesenberger's operation or mammaplasty : a reduction mammaplasty using transposition of the nipple, consisting in excision of the lateral portion of the mammary gland, with rotation of the remaining glandular pedicle attached to the nipple and formation of a skin brassiere.
- Conway mammaplasty or operation : a method of correcting severe macromastia, consisting in partial breast amputation and free transplantation of the nipples and areolae.
- Strömbeck mammaplasty or operation : a one-stage breast reduction operation that includes transposition of the nipple in a medial and lateral pedicle
- Aries-Pitanguy mammaplasty or operation : an operation to reduce mild to moderate macromastia.
-
mastopexy / breast lifting : mammaplasty
performed to correct mastoptosis
- breast reconstruction
- abdominoplasty : tummy tuck surgery. Sometimes after multiple pregnancies or large weight loss, abdominal muscles weaken, and skin in the area becomes flacid. Abdominoplasty can tighten the abdominal muscles and, in some instances, improve stretch marks. In both men and women, the procedure will remove excess skin and fat. Generally, an incision is made across the pubic area and around the umbilicus (navel). When skin laxity and muscle weakness is confined to the lower part of the abdomen, a modified abdominoplasty that limits tissue removal and muscle repair to the area below the umbilicus may be performed. This usually leaves a shorter scar and no scarring around the navel.
- buttock lift : excess fat and loose skin in the buttock area can be reduced by performing a buttock lift in combination with lipoplasty (liposuction). Incisions required for skin removal can often be hidden in the fold beneath the buttocks.
- calf augmentation : increased fullness of the calf can be achieved using implants made of hard silicone which are inserted from behind the knee and moved into position underneath the calf muscle.
- liposculpture
-
lipoplasty / liposuction
:
surgical removal of localized fat deposits via high pressure vacuum, which
is applied by means of a cannula inserted subdermally through a small incision.
Noncosmetic
applications of liposuction have continued to appear since its introduction
into the USA in 1982. Although the most common use is in removing lipomas,
liposuction has also been used for benign
symmetric lipomatosis,
flap undermining, flap defatting, gynecomastia,
pseudogynecomastia,
breast reduction, buffalo hump, hypertrophic
insulin lipodystrophy,
lymphedema,
evacuating hematomas,
emergency neck defatting for airway restoration, and axillary
hyperhidrosisref
- superficial syringe liposculpture : use of a syringe to withdraw fat, instead of vacuum suctioning pumps, allows for less blood loss and speedier postoperative recovery. Superficial syringe liposculpture is performed on the layer of fat just beneath the skin.
- lipofilling / fat filler graft : a graft of fat completely freed from its bed; used in filling depressions. Cerebral fat embolism induced by facial fat injectionref.
- lipografting : autologous fat grafting for total facial rejuvenation. Surgeons who perform facial rejuvenation procedures have long recognized the importance of volume enhancement. The primary manifestation of aging is loss of subcutaneous tissue, especially the atrophy of fat, which directly contributes to laxity of skin. Autologous fat transplantation has been attempted for over a century with varying degrees of success but more recent techniques have provided more predictable, reproducible, and even permanent results. Fat is an ideal tissue filler substance because it is living tissue and because it is from the patient's own body it is nonallergenic. The procedure can be performed alone as a total facial rejuvenation or in combination with facelift or other facial surgery. The technique requires minimally traumatic fat harvesting, fat preparation, and multilevel facial infiltration. Excess fat not used in the initial procedure is frozen and stored at -16°C and can be used successfully for minor touch-up procedures. Preoperative evaluation of the patient and their understanding of the benefits and limitations of volume restoration surgery is imperative. Structural improvement to the main support areas of the face in the appropriate aesthetic proportions is of prime importanceref.
- hair restoration
- W-plasty : a technique in plastic surgery used mainly in the repair of straight scars that require the redistribution of tension. It consists of excising a series of consecutive small triangular areas of tissue on each side of the wound or scar and imbricating the resultant triangular flaps.
Web resources : Italian Society for Hair Restoration Surgery (ISHR)
- epigastric flap model
- transverse rectus abdominis musculocutaneous flap model
- European Academy of Cosmetic Surgery (EACS)
- Société Française de Chirurgie Esthétique (SFCE) [French Society for Aesthetic Surgery]
