)
Table of contents :
Diseases of skin (see also physiology
of skin)
(most commonly) => insulin acts as an agonist also on IGF-1R
(pseudoacanthosis nigricans) (post-receptorial insulin-resistance).
The etiology is usually unknown, although it is sometimes seen accompanying
polycythemia
vera
and in other cases it may be familial. A similar condition is seen in elderly
women but lasts only 10 to 20' and is relieved by emollients.
(urticaria)
(uremic pruritus). Therapy : k
opioid receptor agonists
in women, characterized by reticulated hyperpigmentation
and intense itching
(prurigo gestationis of
Besnier) : development of tiny crust-covered excoriated papules mainly
on the extensor surfaces of the limbs but also found on the upper trunk
and other areas of the body, and leaving postinflammatory residua on resolution
of the lesions. It tends to clear after delivery, and occasionally recurs
with subsequent pregnancies
poisoning..)
presenting as a permanent gray- to lilac-colored permanent pigmentation
on the face, eyelids, and other sun-exposed areas of the body due to long-lasting
parenteral chrysotherapy
(first at extremities, where skin is thin
and cold) if oxy-HGB < 5 g /dL
(also in sclerae) or carotenism
or hyper-MSHs),
dyschromic amyloidosis,
and exposure to chemicals such as diphenylcyclopropenone and monobenzyl
ether of hydroquinone.
))))
(cat-scratch disease)
associated bullae
associated bullae-associated
bullae-associated
ischemic bullae)
(ash-leaf macule / lance-ovate macule / ash-leaf spot or patch :
usually 1 to 3 cm in size and having the general shape of an ash leaf,
round at one end and pointed at the other),
characterized by a rash of abrupt onset with 3 stages:
women,
particularly if atrophy and poikiloderma are prominent features
is most likely to arise
and immunodeficiency,
GR
agonists,
aseptical environments
.
(erythema infectiosum)
(echoviruses and coxsackieviruses)
infection
infection,
multiple
endocrine neoplasia (MEN) I / Wermer syndrome / 3 P's disease)
(Gardner
syndrome)
localized to the skin and usually associated with pruritus,
which may be a characteristic of primary disease or occur in secondary
amyloidosis.
and multiple
myeloma,
and cerebrotendinous
xanthomatosis
)
reactionsref
(lupus pernio)),
characterized by a benign skin eruption of hemangioma-like macules
on whole body skin and sometimes mucosae (nodules
and often ulcers)
surrounded by hyperpigmented borders,
appearing 6 weeks to 2 years after infection in a series of crops lasting
a few days to months, and becoming more severe, conspicuous, and persistent,
and less widely generalized, in successive outbreaks. Mucous membrane lesions
in this stage are typically teeming with Treponema pallidum and
are clinically the most contagious lesions of the disease. Syphilids may
be described by their shape
both clinically and histologically
=> Martorell's ulcer
infection.
if > 15% BSA is involved in adults (or > 8% in babies, where BSA/V ratio
is greater) with i.v. [weight (kg) . 2.5 . %BSA]
mL physiologic
solution
/ 36 hrs to prevent burn
shock;
so called from its occurrence in the trenches during World War I.,
and pigmentary alteration (hyperpigmentation and/or hypopigmentation)
in which the skin, usually on an extremity, becomes erythematous and then
assumes a grayish, shiny ivory-like appearance, and may be associated with
alopecia, fissuring, and ulceration; nails on the affected part become
ridged,
and chiefly affecting women in middle life, with sterile pustular blebs
beneath the horny layer of the epidermis on the trunk and in the major
skin folds.,
Malassezia
furfur,
Sarcoptes
scabiei),
interferon, 5-fluorouracil,
and TLR9 agonists
and other physical modalities
(striae gravidarum : located only
on abdomen)
(purple striae)
representing a circumscribed stable malformation of the skin and occasionally
of the oral mucosa, which is not due to external causes and therefore presumed
to be of hereditary origin. The excess (or deficiency) of tissue may involve
epidermal, connective tissue, adnexal, nervous, or vascular elements.
involving various components of the connective tissue, usually present
at birth or soon thereafter, which may be inherited or acquired, and may
be associated with other diseases. They may present clinically as single
or multiple nodules, papules, or plaques, or in various combinations of
these lesions, but individual lesions usually appear as a plaque composed
of firm, flat, closely set, white to ivory or yellow-brown papules, often
having a cobblestonelike surface,
presenting as a skin-colored or yellowish, elevated, knobby plaque resembling
shark or pig skin, which is predominantly located on the back, especially
on the lumbosacral region
and other developmental anomalies, and leptomeningeal melanocytosis
(neurocutaneous melanosis : giant hairy nevus accompanied by malignant
melanomas of the meninges), and they also exhibit a predisposition to the
development of malignant
melanoma (20%, as melanocytes are already located within veins of hypodermal
septa): Ø > 20 cm (prevalence : 0.02%)
: these nevi are always congenital (never acquired)ref,
progesterone,
and a-MSH
or while taking oral
contraceptives.
The areas most commonly affected are the cheeks, forehead, upper lip, and
chin. Different types of melasma occur depending on the location of the
excess melanin, in the epidermis or the dermis.
(21%)
(5%)
(12%)
(11%)
(5%)
(6%)ref
5% in ethanol (outdoor SPF = 10-12; excellent substantivity)
arising from cutaneous or subcutaneous smooth muscle fibers, occurring
singly or multiply, usually in the form of lesions arising from arrectores
pilorum muscles (piloleiomyoma); it may also
occur as a solitary genital lesion arising from dartoic, vulvar, or mammillary
muscle or as a solitary angioleiomyoma arising from the muscle of veins.
Lesions present as smooth, firm, painful, often translucent or waxy nodules
and are characterized by interlacing bundles of elongated rod- or spindle-shaped
cells with finely fibrillar cytoplasm..
However, unlike the latter, the cutaneous lesion is benign and lacks the
prominent inflammatory infiltrate, pleomorphic appearance, and systemic
manifestations of its soft tissue counterpart.;
no evidence exists suggesting it is caused by the sun or that it is a product
of genetic predisposition. About 20% of those diagnosed, however, experienced
some previous trauma at the tumor site, like deep cuts, vaccinations, or
burns
if M+
-like
carcinoma of the skin (LELCS)
on the contrary of other LELCs
composed of blood vessel, adipose tissue, and smooth muscle elements
carcinoma (MCC)ref)
(the radiation field should include the area of the draining vessels and
the first regional lymph nodes). There are some reports concerning the
advantage of sentinel lymph node biopsy. In distant metastases, the therapy
is multimodal and palliative including surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.
However, wide excision may be difficult to perform in patients with tumors
of the head and neck or in older populations with comorbidities that may
be incompatible with general anesthesia.
alone,
doxorubicin,
5-fluorouracil,
and CD117 / c-kit inhibitors),
especially at low concentrations, + aloe-emodin.
It grows slowly and occurs more often in darker complexioned individuals..
signalling, including PTCH,
and TP53
;
it occurs as one or more sharply defined, slightly thickened, erythematous,
scaly plaques, usually on sun-exposed areas of skin in older white males
but sometimes found on mucous membranes. The corresponding lesion on the
glans penis is termed erythroplasia
of Queyrat.
May be multiple in 30%. Trasformation to invasive squamous carcinoma in
< 10%. According to literature 20-80% have an internal malignancies.
on keratinocytes
/ melanotic carcinoma / melanoblastoma / melanocarcinoma (4-10%): arising
de
novo or from a preexisting benign nevus or
lentigo
maligna-light
exposure, related to latitude, altitude, sun-tanning, migration of fair-skinned
individuals to more sun-intensive regions, education resulting in reduced
sun exposure. Intense intermitten UV-light exposure associated with sunburn
early in life confers the highest risk for melanoma development later in
life. UV light acts as a
and multiple myelomaref1,
ref2,
ref3,
ref4
(expecially germline CDKN2A
mutationref)
occurring in the nail fold or bed more commonly in dark-skinned people.
Subungual melanoma is characterized by a dark colored stripe that runs
along the length of the nail plate, not across the nail. The mere presence
of a dark nail stripe is not necessarily melanoma. Signs
:
,
and dysuria. In males it affects the prepuce and glans penis and may result
in stricture of the external urethral meatus and phymosis.
Occasionally it may precede squamous
cell carcinoma
,
characterized by a fibrocystic proliferation, increased deposition of acid
mucopolysaccharides in the skin, and the presence of a circulating paraprotein,
usually an IgG, which presents as either discrete or generalized lichenoid
papules with or without diffuse scleroderma, or as urticaria-like plaques
and nodules,
consisting of groups of small follicular papules
poisoning, after use for medicinal purposes or other exposure, which may
occur years after arsenic ingestion, characterized by the development of
discrete hyperkeratotic papules, chiefly located on the palms and soles,
and sometimes associated with premalignant and malignant epidermal lesions
on other skin areas.
.
Differential diagnosis with generalized
pustular psoriasis / von Zumbusch psoriasis)
(TOC) / Clark-Howel-Evans-McConnell syndrome / palmoplantar ectodermal
dysplasia type III (Howel-Evans W., McConnell RB, Clarke CA & Sheppard
PM. Carcinoma of the esophagus with keratosis palmaris et plantaris (tylossi)
a study of 2 families. Quart.J.Med. 27:413-430 (1958)),
others leukoplakia, some bronchogenic carcinoma) later in life.
,
most often a squamous cell carcinomaref
, and rarely colon adenocarcinomaref,
acquired ichthyosis in Hodgkin's
diseaseref,
metastatic neuroendocrine tumourref,
simultaneous multiple genitourinary tumors (multifocal basal cell carcinoma,
epidermoid carcinoma of the lung, adenocarcinoma of the prostate, and possibly
undifferentiated carcinoma of the bladder)ref,
or breast cancerref,
appearing mostly at the same time as the underlying neoplasm with possible
cervical lymph node metastases.
,
so that an immune-mediated mechanism is suggestedref
.
RDEB patients who develop cancer express an aberrant, truncated version
of collagen VII that confers tumorigenic properties to skin cells, by enhancing
their ability to invade surrounding tissue. In mice, tumor induction can
be blocked by administration of antibodies targeting this collagen fragment.
These results highlight the critical role of the ECM in tumorigenesis and
suggest that ECM proteins may be valuable therapeutic targets for certain
forms of cancerref
.
It occurs after > 7 months from infection by the spirochete Borrelia
burgdorferi
and expecially by Borrelia
afzelii.
caused by an autosomal recessive disorder of zinc uptake or malbsorption,
and characterized by a vesiculopustulous dermatitis, preferentially located
around the body orifices and on the head, hands, and feet, with diarrhea,
true steatorrhea,
and loss of hair.
and then to sunlight. In women, the lesions usually present as brown pigmented
patches on the sides of the neck, behind the ears, and sometimes on the
face, breasts, shoulders, or elsewhere. Aftershave lotion containing bergamot
oil or a related substance may cause a similar reaction in men
(eczema
vaccinatum / pyoderma varioliforme infantum)
(eczema herpeticum)
and to a lesser extent HHV-6
remain controversial. There exists reasonable evidence that pityriasis
rosea is not associated with HHV-5
/ CMV,
HHV-4
/ EBV,
parvovirus
B19,
picornavirus, influenza and parainfluenza viruses, Legionella spp.,
Mycoplasma
spp. and Chlamydia spp. infections. Evidence is also unsubstantiated
as yet for alternative aetiological hypotheses such as autoimmunityref,
atopy, and genetic predispositionref
and fever
may occur
(most often)
infection is a mild disease, and nearly all patients recover without medical
treatment in 7 to 10 days. Complications are uncommon. Rarely, the patient
with coxsackievirus A16 infection may also develop "aseptic" or viral meningitis,
in which the person has fever, headache, stiff neck, or back pain, and
may need to be hospitalized for a few days. Another cause of HFMD, Human
enterovirus 71 (EV71)
may also cause viral meningitis and, rarely, more serious diseases, such
as encephalitis, or a poliomyelitis-like paralysis. EV71 encephalitis may
be fatal. Cases of fatal encephalitis occurred during outbreaks of HFMD
in Malaysia in 1997 and in Taiwan in 1998
and HPV-8.
Malignancies are most likely to develop in sun-exposed and traumatised
area.
surgery : indicated for recalcitrant warts.
for verruca plana
:-assisted
hypnotherapyref
using the Simonton visualization techniqueref,
self-hypnosisref.
Published, controlled studies of the use of hypnosis to cure warts are
confined to using direct suggestion in hypnosis (DSIH), with cure
rates of 27-55% (higher in prepubertal children, lower in adults : clinically,
80% of adults who fail to respond to DSIH will heal with individual hypnoanalytic
techniques that cannot be tested against controlsref),
and characterized by the presence of sharply demarcated, dry, pink to brown,
slightly scaly, and slowly spreading brown patches.
phage group 2
type 4 and 22
(pharyngeal carrier or streptococcal
impetigo)
involving the skin, seen especially in children, occurring as a generalized
cutaneous eruption of brownish, acuminate papules that become necrotic,
and may form minute circular ulcers with red borders and pale granulating
bases covered by a seropurulent exudate. It may occur in immunocompromised
patients, or following an exanthematous disease or some other type of serious
infection
polarization => type IV hypersensitivity => granulomas (lepromas
: thanks to high PO2 macrophages don't undergo formation
of giant cells or caseous necrosis) that damage hair follicles (=> hairless
skin) and sensitive terminal fibers (=> local anaesthesia => casual amputations
of fingers and toes). Regional neuritis due to infection of Schwann
cells and Tc-mediated killing : flaccid paralysis =>
muscular atrophy (loss of facial mimicry, lagophthalmus,
ectropion
=> corneal ulcers,
..). CMI is uneffective against Mycobacteria-infected cells due
to lack of IL-2 production by Th1
cells (substitutive chemotherapy has many side effects) ; low Ig titres
+ rifampin-308
polymorphism : anti-CD2 autoAb and cross-reactivity between bacterial hsp65
and HLA-DR => CMID ; hsp65 is also cross-reactive against lactoferrin;
type IV hypersensitivity => erythema
nodosum
leprosum (ENL) (a recurrent lepra reaction resembling an Arthus
reaction,
occurring during chemotherapy for lepromatous leprosy, sometimes in the
borderline form, and occasionally spontaneously, usually characterized
histologically by vasculitis and clinically by the appearance of crops
of small erythematous, tender cutaneous nodules or plaques, which are widely
distributed, especially on the extremities and face; it may be associated
with severe systemic symptoms and visceral manifestations) or its variant Lucio's
phenomenon / erythema necroticum (a local exacerbation reaction occurring
in diffuse lepromatous leprosy, characterized histologically by ischemic
necrosis of the epidermis as a result of necrotizing vasculitis of small
blood vessels of the subpapillary plexus, and clinically by the eruption
of crops of small erythematous lesions with central necrosis; the eschar
may be shed, revealing ulceration, with eventual scar formation), arthritis,
glomerulonephritis.
HLA-DQ-restricted CD8+ CTLs, but CMI is uneffective due to lack
of IL-2R on Tc
and lack of IL-12 production by macrophages.
Macrophages become foaming due to accumulation of mycobacterial lipids
(Virchow cells) and are uneffective in creating lepromas => skin
folds (when on face : leonine
facies / facies leontina),
coryza, epistaxis, perforation of nasal septum, gynecomastia.Th2
polarization, leproma ulcerations and casual body injuries allow superinfections
and dissequestration of cryptic Ags => high Ig titres. Hematogenous dissemination
cause MOFs.
is rareref
and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of nodules or draining
ulcersref
in mud football players : the pitch was prepared by flooding it for a month
with water from a nearby stagnant river. Letting the water stand stagnant
helped bacteria to flourish. And stones on the pitch left many players
with cuts that let inref.
Increased time spent wrestling was associated with increased risk. Skin
trauma during wrestling or immersion in the mud increased the risk of infection
200 mg/die
)
seen in Central America, so called because of its resemblance to streptococcal
erysipelas, characterized by an erythematous macular rash and edema
of the face; in chronic cases the skin loses its elasticity, atrophies,
becomes wrinkled, and causes leonine
facies / facies leontina.
(hypodermiasis)
(dermatobiasis)
digs into the upper layer of the epidermis and makes raised sinuous burrows
(cuniculi)
.
with neuropathy and retinopathy (> 50%) (necrobiosis lipoidica diabeticorum
/ Urbach-Oppenheim disease)
(often used as a default diagnosis, despite the lack of solid evidence)
(34%)
(19%)ref1,
ref2
in the context of renal
failure.
The age of patients with NFD ranges from 8 to 87 years at the time of onset,
with a mean age of 46.4 years. Most cases have been reported in the US
and Europe, but recently cases have also been reported in India. About
175 cases have been noted in a registry established for NFD patients. Even
in the setting of renal disease, NFD still occurs rarely and its cause
is unknown. Patients present with hard, indurated, sometimes peau d'orange
plaques. They often show a distinctive physical appearance, with elbows
and knees angled inward, and most patients complain of a loss of range
of motion. Histology demonstrates thickened collagen bundles with surrounding
clefts, mucin, and a proliferation of fibroblasts and elastic fibers, sometimes
with reticular, dermal, large epithelioid or stellate spindle cells. Fibrosis
of NFD can affect the internal organs and thus the term nephrogenic systemic
fibrosis has been used by some analysts to describe this fibrosing process.
The fibrosis of NFD appears to be due to the effects of a cell referred
to as the circulating fibrocyte. Rare cases of partial-to-complete spontaneous
resolution have been reported in the absence of specific therapyref1,
ref2.
Gadodiamide exposure in patients with renal insufficiency may result in
a substantial decrease in total iron-binding capacity and increased iron
mobilization, resulting in transferrin oversaturation. On this basis, in
some patients, iron mobilization may lead to transmetallation and release
of free gadolinium. Indeed, previous studies have shown the presence of
gadolinium and iron in tissues affected by nephrogenic systemic fibrosisref.
Free gadolinium and catalytic ironref
may synergistically coordinate, resulting in oxidative stress, inflammation,
and tissue injury. Exaggerated wound healing (in which erythropoietin may
participate) occurs in response to the injury, resulting in a phenotype
characteristic of nephrogenic systemic fibrosisref.),
ectodermal dysplasia, and cleft
lip/palate
(EEC) syndrome : a congenital syndrome inherited as an
autosomal dominant trait involving both ectodermal and mesodermal tissues,
which consists of ectodermal dysplasia associated with hypopigmentation
of the skin and hair, scanty hair and eyebrows, absence of lashes, nail
dystrophy, hypo- and microdontia, ectrodactyly, and cleft lip and palate.
gene
,
engineered to cross the placental barrier, permanently rescues the phenotype
in the offspring. Notably, sweat glands can also be induced by EDA1 after
birth
:),
and cataracts,
Pseudomonas
aeruginosa,
Serratia
marcescens,Klebsiella
spp.and
Proteus
mirabilis).
The occurrence of Gram-negative folliculitis should be considered in acne
patients in whom oral treatment with tetracyclines has not resulted in
a significant improvement of acne lesions after 3-6 months' treatment.
The occurrence of Gram-negative folliculitis in acne patients is believed
to be generally underestimated, since correct sampling and bacteriology
is rarely performed by clinicians.
20 mg/kg/die for at least 1 month and topical therapy with imidazoles,
sulfur and catram
15-20 mg/kg/die for at least 1 month and topical therapy with imidazoles
,
in which the primary lesion is a pinhead-sized pustule, pierced by a hair,
which may, if neglected, lead to impetiginization and crust formation and
become chronic
=> GH
and androgens
=> overproduction of sebum in sebaceous glands => infection by Proprionibacterium
acnes.
agonists decrease the amount of oil produced by the skin's sebaceous glands
(>= 5 live parasites/cm2 of skin), triggering inflammatory or
specific immune reactions, mechanically blocking the follicles, or acting
as a vector for bacteria. Immunohistochemical findings suggest that a delayed
hypersensitivity reaction, possibly triggered by antigens of follicular
origin, probably related to D. folliculorum, may occur, stimulating
progression of the affection to the papulopustular stageref.
Ongoing research has shown that bacteria from patients with rosacea may
behave differently at the higher skin temperature that may be present in
patients with rosacea. Another group has isolated bacteria from the
Demodex
mites; these bacteria may play a pathogenic role in papulopustular rosacea
by facilitating follicular-based inflammatory changesref.
In rosacea patients (ages 11-50 years old) 44% were infested with D.
folliculorum as compared to normal controls (23.0%). The difference
was significant. The mean +/-SD of mite density ranged between 13.2+/-0.9
to 18.2+/-1.2 as compared to normal controls with mite density ranged between
1.4+/-0.25 to 2.4+/-0.3. Demodex infestation in rosacea patients
was 66.1% in squamous, 66.7% in erythemato-telangiectate and 83.3% in papulo-pustular
rosacea. The highly infested site was check (27.3%) with mean mite density
of 25.3+/-1.3, followed by the area around the orbit (23.4%) with a density
of 19.0+/-1.2, the area around the nose (19.5%) with mite density of 7.1+/-1.5,
then chin (15.6%) with a density of 8.2+/-1.4 and lastly the area around
the mouth (14.1%) with a mite density of 14.2+/-1.3. Undoubtedly, infestation
with D. folliculorum particularly in large number causes rosacearef.
The mite prevalence in the rosacea group (51%) was significantly higher
than in the rest of the study population (eczema 28% and lupus discoides
31%). Demodex mites were found on all facial sites. The most infested areas
in the whole study group were the forehead (49%) and the cheeks (44%).
Males were more frequently infested (59%) than females (30%). We did not
find any significant difference in mite counts of infested follicles between
rosacea and the control group. A lympho-histiocytic cell infiltration was
seen around the infested hair folliclesref.
is the only drug available for the treatment of flushing
1% cream and azelaic acid 20% cream have been reported to reduce
the severity score of erythema. The systemic treatment of erythrosis is
based on the association of Helicobacter pylori with rosacea. However,
this role is still being debated. Eradication of H. pylori can be
achieved using a triple therapy regimen lasting 1 to 2 weeks [omeprazole
and a combination of 2 antibacterials (a choice from clarithromycin,
metronidazole
or amoxicillin)],
doxycycline,
minocycline,
clarithromycin
and isotretinoin
gel was superior to metronidazole gel in decreasing Demodex folliculorum
by
the first examination, but the effect of the two drugs on Demodex folliculorum
was similar by the second examinationref
or isotretinoinref
creamref
is superior to metronidazole 0.75% gel and placebo in decreasing Demodex
folliculorum, and is as effective as metronidazole 0.75% gel in treating
erythema and papulesref1,
ref2.
orallyref,
in combination with topical permethrinref
(bromoderma)
(pseudofolliculitis)-deficiency,
which causes selective apoptosis of melanocyte stem-cells within the niche
at their entry into the dormant state, but not of differentiated melanocytes.
Furthermore, physiologic aging of melanocyte stem-cells was associated
with "ectopic pigmentation or differentiation" within the niche, a process
accelerated by mutation of the melanocyte master transcriptional regulator
Mitf (mice goes white in 6 to 10 months)ref
.
The X-chromosomal location of AR stresses the importance of the maternal
line in the inheritance of AGAref,
the extent and permanence of which are dependent on the field and dosage.
(syphilitic alopecia / alopecia syphilitica : alopecia involving
the eyebrows, beard, and scalp),
and it may regress with removal of the tumorref.,
mental retardation, and pigmentary degeneration of the retina
of the mesodermal portion of the hair disk, usually occurring as multiple
small papules that histologically resemble acrochordons;
they may occur in association with fibrofolliculomas
and acrochordons as the autosomal dominant Birt-Hogg-Dubé
(BHD) syndrome,
single or multiple, arising from the arrectores pilorum muscles;
the term is a misnomer since the sebaceous glands are rarely involved+,
namely a rippled-pattern
of the scalp, face, or neck that change progressively throughout life;
many patients have neurologic symptoms (retardation or seizures) or ophthalmologic
abnormalities. In children there are yellow or tan waxy patches with hypoplastic
sebaceous glands and hair follicles or with scalp alopecia. After puberty
the patches become thickened and verrucous, often with papillomatous projections
and hyperplastic sebaceous glands, papillary epidermal hyperplasia, and
ectopic apocrine glands of the deep dermis. Later some lesions become nodular
and may develop benign or malignant adnexal tumors (trichoblastoma
(92%), sebaceoma, sebaceous
carcinoma) or basal cell carcinoma
(BCC) (8%))
(26%)
(10%)
(8%)
(23%).
Xerosis is often noted on extensor surfaces especially in the winter. Conditions
that dry the skin out include the low humidity of winter, frequent washing,
contact with hot water, the use of soaps and detergents, and older age
defervescence
: it may also be associated with multiple trichoepitheliomas.)
(nail candidiasis),
diabetes
mellitus,
antibacterials, shoes with low transpiration
,
itraconazole,
and terbinafine)
and antibacterial enters with growing nail (up to 6 months for fingernails,
up to 12 months for toenails), topic laques (mophidine), keratolytic (sulfur),
mycostatics (eosin, mercurochrome)
(dystrophic nails)
.
(chronic paronychia due to candidiasis / candidal onychia)
(reversibleref)
infection, caused by the fluorescent siderophore pyoverdinref
(yellow nail syndrome (YNS))
and diseases of
adipose tissue)
characterized by the presence of air in the subcutaneous tissue
and pneumomediastinum.)
counterpart of nodular vasculitis, but has been found to occur without
tuberculous causation, although of uncertain etiology. It is initiated
or exacerbated by cold weather, usually presenting as recurrent erythrocyanotic
nodules or plaques on the calves, which may progress to form deep-seated
indurations, ulcerations, and scars. Cases of tuberculous origin are called
also Bazin's disease / tuberculosis (cutis) indurativa
(erysipeloid of Rosenbach) : usually occurring
as an occupational disease associated with cut in the skin of handlers
of infected fish, shellfish, meat, or poultry (butchers, kitchen workers,
vets, and turkey growers). It is an erythematous and painful swelling at
the site of inoculation, which spreads peripherally with central clearing
and resolves without consequences. Erysipeloid most commonly affects the
hands, mainly the webs of the fingers. However, any exposed area of the
body may be affected. Lesions consist of well-demarcated, bright red-to-purple
plaques with a smooth shiny surface. Lesions are warm and tender. They
leave a brownish discoloration on the skin when resolving. Sometimes vesicles
may be present. Fever,
malaise, and other constitutional symptoms may or may not be present).
Elevation of the tongue, difficulty in eating and swallowing, edema of
the glottis, fever, rapid breathing, and moderate leukocytosis are the
most common symptoms.
(type III maduromycosis)(type
II maduromycosis)
(type I maduromycosis)
(white to yellow or pink grain)
(red grain)(white
to yellow grain)(white
grain (when present))(white
grain)
(white to yellow grain)(cream
color)
(yellow to brown grain)
cream 5% (Aldara) is an immune modifier, that downregulates TGF-b
and FGF-2 (the 2 most important cytokine in producing fibrosis). Based
on previous mentioned evidence we suggest: imquimod as a potential drug
for dupuytren contracture treatmentref-associated
dermatoses :
)
:
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